Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as critical regulators of gene expression in the immune system. Studies have shown that lncRNAs are expressed in a highly lineage-specific manner and control the differentiation and function of innate and adaptive cell types. In this Review, we focus on mechanisms used by lncRNAs to regulate genes encoding products involved in the immune response, including direct interactions with chromatin, RNA and proteins. In addition, we address new areas of lncRNA biology, such as the functions of enhancer RNAs, circular RNAs and chemical modifications to RNA in cellular processes. We emphasize critical gaps in knowledge and future prospects for the roles of lncRNAs in the immune system and autoimmune disease.

中文翻译：

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通过长的非编码RNA调节免疫系统中的基因

长的非编码RNA（lncRNA）逐渐成为免疫系统中基因表达的关键调节剂。研究表明，lncRNA以高度谱系特异性的方式表达，并控制先天和适应性细胞类型的分化和功能。在本综述中，我们重点介绍lncRNA用来调节编码参与免疫反应的产物的基因的机制，包括与染色质，RNA和蛋白质的直接相互作用。此外，我们研究了lncRNA生物学的新领域，例如增强RNA的功能，环状RNA以及细胞过程中对RNA的化学修饰。我们强调lncRNA在免疫系统和自身免疫性疾病中的作用的知识和未来前景上的重大差距。