Nest building is a taxonomically widespread and diverse trait that allows animals to alter local environments to create optimal conditions for offspring development. However, there is growing evidence that climate change is adversely affecting nest‐building in animals directly, for example via sea‐level rises that flood nests, reduced availability of building materials, and suboptimal sex allocation in species exhibiting temperature‐dependent sex determination. Climate change is also affecting nesting species indirectly, via range shifts into suboptimal nesting areas, reduced quality of nest‐building environments, and changes in interactions with nest predators and parasites. The ability of animals to adapt to sustained and rapid environmental change is crucial for the long‐term persistence of many species. Many animals are known to be capable of adjusting nesting behaviour adaptively across environmental gradients and in line with seasonal changes, and this existing plasticity potentially facilitates adaptation to anthropogenic climate change. However, whilst alterations in nesting phenology, site selection and design may facilitate short‐term adaptations, the ability of nest‐building animals to adapt over longer timescales is likely to be influenced by the heritable basis of such behaviour. We urgently need to understand how the behaviour and ecology of nest‐building in animals is affected by climate change, and particularly how altered patterns of nesting behaviour affect individual fitness and population persistence. We begin our review by summarising how predictable variation in environmental conditions influences nest‐building animals, before highlighting the ecological threats facing nest‐building animals experiencing anthropogenic climate change and examining the potential for changes in nest location and/or design to provide adaptive short‐ and long‐term responses to changing environmental conditions. We end by identifying areas that we believe warrant the most urgent attention for further research.

中文翻译：

---

脊椎动物的气候变化和筑巢行为：对生态威胁和适应性反应潜力的回顾

筑巢是一种在分类学上广泛而多样的特征，它允许动物改变当地环境，为后代发育创造最佳条件。然而，越来越多的证据表明，气候变化直接对动物的筑巢产生不利影响，例如通过海平面上升淹没巢穴、建筑材料的可用性减少以及表现出温度依赖性性别决定的物种的次优性别分配。气候变化也间接影响筑巢物种，通过范围转移到次优筑巢区，降低筑巢环境的质量，以及与筑巢捕食者和寄生虫的相互作用发生变化。动物适应持续和快速环境变化的能力对于许多物种的长期生存至关重要。众所周知，许多动物能够适应环境梯度并根据季节变化调整筑巢行为，这种现有的可塑性可能有助于适应人为气候变化。然而，虽然筑巢物候、选址和设计的改变可能有助于短期适应，但筑巢动物在较长时间尺度上适应的能力很可能受到这种行为的遗传基础的影响。我们迫切需要了解气候变化如何影响动物筑巢行为和生态，尤其是筑巢行为模式的改变如何影响个体健康和种群持久性。我们通过总结环境条件的可预测变化如何影响筑巢动物来开始我们的审查，在强调经历人为气候变化的筑巢动物面临的生态威胁并检查巢穴位置和/或设计变化的潜力之前，以对不断变化的环境条件提供适应性的短期和长期响应。最后，我们确定了我们认为最需要进一步研究的领域。