Spindle-shaped anatase TiO₂ secondary particles were successfully fabricated via the oriented attachment of primary nanocrystals. By adjusting the concentration of tetrabutyl titanate, the size of the TiO₂ nanocrystals and particles could be controlled, resulting in pore evolution. Pores for the random aggregation of secondary particles gradually transformed to nanopores originating from the oriented attachment of the primary nanocrystals, resulting in an excellent micro/nanostructure that increased the performance of a sodium-ion battery. The mesoporous TiO₂ microparticle anode, with its unique combination of nanocrystals and uniform nanopores, displays super durability (95 mAh/g after 11,000 cycles at 1 C), high initial efficiency (61.4%), and excellent rate performance (265 and 77 mAh/g at 0.1 and 20 C, respectively). In particular, at slow discharge (0.1 C) and fast charge (5, 50, and 100 C) rates, the anatase TiO₂ shows remarkable initial charge capacities of 200, 119, and 56 mAh/g, corresponding to 172, 127, and 56 mAh/g, after 150 cycles, respectively, thus meeting the requirements for fast energy storage. This excellent performance can be attributed to the stability of the material and its high ionic conductivity, resulting from the stable architecture with a mesoporous microstructure and without the random aggregation of secondary particles. A fundamental understanding of the pore structure and controllable pore construction has been proven to be effective in increasing the rate capability and durability of nanostructured electrode materials.

中文翻译：

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由纳米晶体定向附着形成的介孔TiO 2微粒：用于钠离子电池的超耐用阳极材料

主轴形状的锐钛矿型TiO ₂次级粒子是通过初级纳米晶体的定向附着而成功制备的。通过调节钛酸四丁酯的浓度，可以控制TiO ₂纳米晶体和颗粒的尺寸，从而导致孔的演化。用于次级粒子无规聚集的孔逐渐转变为源自初级纳米晶体定向附着的纳米孔，从而产生出色的微/纳米结构，从而提高了钠离子电池的性能。介孔TiO ₂具有独特的纳米晶体和均匀纳米孔组合的微粒阳极，具有超强的耐用性（在1 C下经过11,000次循环后为95 mAh / g），高初始效率（61.4％）和出色的速率性能（在0.1时为265和77 mAh / g和20 C）。特别是在慢速放电（0.1 C）和快速充电（5、50和100 C）速率下，锐钛矿TiO ₂在150个循环后，其初始充电容量分别为200、119和56 mAh / g，分别显示出172、127和56 mAh / g的显着性，从而满足快速储能的要求。这种优异的性能归因于材料的稳定性及其高离子电导率，这归因于具有介孔微结构且没有次级粒子无规聚集的稳定结构。对孔结构和可控孔结构的基本了解已被证明可有效提高纳米结构电极材料的倍率能力和耐用性。