Inflammasome activation in the central nervous system occurs in both health and disease. Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that sense specific infectious or host stimuli and initiate inflammatory responses through caspase activation. Assembly of inflammasomes results in caspase-1-mediated proteolytic cleavage and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, with initiation of pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death. Recent developments in the inflammasome field have uncovered novel molecular mechanisms that contribute to a broad range of neurological disorders including those associated with specific mutations in inflammasome genes as well as diseases modulated by inflammasome activation. This update focuses on recent developments in the field of inflammasome biology highlighting different inflammasome activators and pathways discovered in the nervous system. We also discuss targeted therapies that regulate inflammasomes and improve neurological outcomes.

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神经系统疾病中的炎症小体：新兴的病原学和治疗学概念

中枢神经系统中的炎性体活化发生在健康和疾病中。炎性小体是胞质蛋白复合物，可感知特定的感染或宿主刺激并通过胱天蛋白酶激活来引发炎症反应。炎症小体的组装导致caspase-1介导的蛋白水解切割和促炎细胞因子白介素1β和白介素18的释放，并引起发烧，即炎症性程序性细胞死亡。炎性体领域的最新发展发现了导致广泛神经系统疾病的新型分子机制，包括与炎性体基因中的特定突变以及由炎性体激活引起的疾病相关的那些疾病。本更新重点介绍了炎性体生物学领域的最新进展，重点介绍了在神经系统中发现的各种炎性体激活剂和途径。我们还讨论了调节炎症小体和改善神经系统结局的靶向疗法。