Current therapies against cancer utilize the patient’s immune system for tumor eradication. However, tumor cells can evade immune surveillance of CD8⁺ T and/or natural killer (NK) cells by various strategies. These include the aberrant expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigens, co-inhibitory or costimulatory molecules, and components of the interferon (IFN) signal transduction pathway. In addition, alterations of the tumor microenvironment could interfere with efficient antitumor immune responses by downregulating or inhibiting the frequency and/or functional activity of immune effector cells and professional antigen-presenting cells. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as major players in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, thereby controlling many physiological and also pathophysiological processes including neoplastic transformation. Indeed, the cellular miRNA expression pattern is frequently altered in many tumors of distinct origin, demonstrating the tumor suppressive or oncogenic potential of miRNAs. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that miRNAs could also influence antitumor immune responses by affecting the expression of immune modulatory molecules in tumor and immune cells. Apart from their important role in tumor immune escape and altered tumor-host interaction, immune modulatory miRNAs often exert neoplastic properties, thus representing promising targets for future combined immunotherapy approaches. This review focuses on the characterization of miRNAs involved in the regulation of immune surveillance or immune escape of tumors and their potential use as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or as therapeutic targets.

中文翻译：

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免疫调节微RNA参与肿瘤攻击和肿瘤免疫逃逸。

当前的抗癌疗法利用患者的免疫系统根除肿瘤。但是，肿瘤细胞可以逃避对CD8 ^+的免疫监视T和/或自然杀伤（NK）细胞通过各种策略进行。这些包括人类白细胞抗原（HLA）I类抗原，共抑制或共刺激分子的异常表达以及干扰素（IFN）信号转导途径的成分。另外，肿瘤微环境的改变可通过下调或抑制免疫效应细胞和专业抗原呈递细胞的频率和/或功能活性来干扰有效的抗肿瘤免疫反应。最近，微小RNA（miRNA）已被确定为基因表达的转录后调控的主要参与者，从而控制了许多生理以及病理生理过程，包括肿瘤转化。实际上，在许多不同起源的肿瘤中，细胞miRNA的表达模式经常发生变化，证明了miRNA抑制肿瘤或致癌的潜力。此外，越来越多的证据表明，miRNA还可以通过影响肿瘤和免疫细胞中免疫调节分子的表达来影响抗肿瘤免疫反应。除了在肿瘤免疫逃逸和改变的肿瘤-宿主相互作用中起重要作用外，免疫调节性miRNA通常还具有肿瘤性质，因此代表了未来联合免疫治疗方法的有希望的靶标。这篇综述着重于参与调控肿瘤免疫监视或免疫逃逸的miRNA的表征及其作为诊断和预后生物标志物或治疗靶标的潜在用途。越来越多的证据表明，miRNA还可以通过影响肿瘤和免疫细胞中免疫调节分子的表达来影响抗肿瘤免疫反应。除了在肿瘤免疫逃逸和改变的肿瘤-宿主相互作用中起重要作用外，免疫调节性miRNA通常还具有肿瘤性质，因此代表了未来联合免疫治疗方法的有希望的靶标。这篇综述着重于参与调控肿瘤免疫监视或免疫逃逸的miRNA的表征及其作为诊断和预后生物标志物或治疗靶标的潜在用途。越来越多的证据表明，miRNA还可以通过影响肿瘤和免疫细胞中免疫调节分子的表达来影响抗肿瘤免疫反应。除了在肿瘤免疫逃逸和改变的肿瘤-宿主相互作用中起重要作用外，免疫调节性miRNA通常还具有肿瘤性质，因此代表了未来联合免疫治疗方法的有希望的靶标。这篇综述着重于参与调控肿瘤免疫监视或免疫逃逸的miRNA的表征及其作为诊断和预后生物标志物或治疗靶标的潜在用途。免疫调节性miRNA通常具有肿瘤性，因此代表了未来联合免疫治疗方法的有希望的靶标。这篇综述着重于参与调控肿瘤免疫监视或免疫逃逸的miRNA的表征及其作为诊断和预后生物标志物或治疗靶标的潜在用途。免疫调节性miRNA通常具有肿瘤性，因此代表了未来联合免疫治疗方法的有希望的靶标。这篇综述着重于参与调控肿瘤免疫监视或免疫逃逸的miRNA的表征及其作为诊断和预后生物标志物或治疗靶标的潜在用途。