Organoids are 3D in vitro culture systems derived from self-organizing stem cells. They can recapitulate the in vivo architecture, functionality, and genetic signature of original tissues. Thus, organoid technology has been rapidly applied to understanding stem cell biology, organogenesis, and various human pathologies. The recent development of human patient-derived organoids has enabled disease modeling with precision, highlighting their great potential in biomedical applications, translational medicine, and personalized therapy. In light of recent breakthroughs using organoids, it is only apt that we appreciate the advantages and shortcomings of this technology to exploit its full potential. We discuss recent advances in the application of organoids in studying cancer and hereditary diseases, as well as in the examination of host cell–microorganism interactions.

类器官是来自自组织干细胞的3D体外培养系统。他们可以概括体内原始组织的结构，功能和遗传特征。因此，类器官技术已迅速应用于理解干细胞生物学，器官发生和各种人类病理学。人类患者源性类器官的最新发展使疾病建模更加精确，从而突出了它们在生物医学应用，转化医学和个性化治疗中的巨大潜力。鉴于最近使用类器官的突破，我们很容易体会到这项技术的优点和缺点，以充分发挥其潜力。我们讨论了类器官的应用在研究癌症和遗传性疾病以及检查宿主细胞与微生物相互作用中的最新进展。