### Introduction: Development of Cardiovascular Research German academic cardiovascular medicine has been traditionally rigidly separated into clinical cardiology, where the top clinicians had some early career basic science exposure but practiced exclusively clinical medicine, and classic basic science departments, that is, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology, where the chair had a cardiovascular focus. The institutional funding by the universities, which are, with few exceptions, state institutions in Germany, was sufficient to provide budget/resources for personnel, equipment and consumables to conduct basic research, and was in the range of 1 to 2 Mio € per year for such institutions. This situation has changed progressively but profoundly during the past 3 decades: almost all university clinics of cardiology now practice not only clinical cardiology but perform also basic science studies. They find it, however, increasingly difficult to recruit young physicians to a clinician scientist path of career. Basic cardiovascular science is no longer restricted to the classic university departments of physiology, pharmacology, pathology, but many chairs for experimental cardiovascular medicine under a variety of names/designations have been founded (>10 chairs in the past decade). Here, it has become extremely difficult to recruit young physicians into such basic science departments, and their personnel has now mostly a natural sciences rather than a medical background. Institutional funding for a basic cardiovascular research department has been restricted and now rarely exceeds 300 000 € to 600 000 € per year. Thus, there is an increasing pressure for competitive external funding. Along with these changes, the rigid hierarchical system of German academic medicine with a single professor and chair has become more flexible and more similar to the Anglo-American system where many professors with a different specialization coexist in the same department. Such more flexible system has in part evolved because many clinicians and researchers have …

中文翻译：

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德国心血管研究

###简介：心血管研究的发展传统上将德国的学术心血管医学严格地划分为临床心脏病学，其中顶级临床医生具有一些职业生涯的早期基础科学知识，但专门从事临床医学以及经典的基础科学部门，即生理学，药理学和病理学，其中主席着重于心血管疾病。由大学提供的机构经费，除少数例外，是德国的国家机构，足以为进行基础研究的人员，设备和消耗品提供预算/资源，每年约1-2百万欧元。对于这样的机构。在过去的30年中，这种情况已发生了逐渐但深刻的变化：现在，几乎所有大学心脏病学诊所都不仅练习临床心脏病学，而且还进行基础科学研究。然而，他们发现，越来越难以招募年轻医师进入临床科学家的职业道路。基础心血管科学不再局限于经典的大学生理学，药理学和病理学系，而是建立了许多以各种名称/名称进行的实验性心血管医学教席（在过去的十年中，教职员工人数超过10人）。在这里，招募年轻医师进入这样的基础科学部门变得极为困难，而且他们的人员现在大多是自然科学而不是医学背景。基础心血管研究部门的机构资金受到限制，现在每年很少超过30万到60万欧元。因此，竞争性外部资金的压力越来越大。伴随着这些变化，只有一名教授和一位主席的严格的德国学术医学等级制变得更加灵活，并且更加类似于英美体系，在英美体系中，许多具有不同专业的教授共存于同一部门。这种更灵活的系统在一定程度上得到了发展，因为许多临床医生和研究人员已经……