Although classification at supra-specific ranks is inherently arbitrary, comparable taxonomic ranks within clades can facilitate more consistent classifications and objective comparisons among taxa. Different circumscriptions of the hyper-diverse lichen-forming fungal family Parmeliaceae and widely different generic circumscriptions among authors have been proposed. For this study, we use a recently developed temporal approach that uses time-calibrated chronograms to identify temporal bands for specific ranks in Parmeliaceae and allied groups with the overarching goal of establishing a consistent, stable classification. A data set of 330 species, representing 73 genera in the family and 52 species of related families was used to address the circumscription of Parmeliaceae and its genera following the proposed temporal approach. Based on the results of this study, we propose a revised, temporal-based classification for Parmeliaceae, including all clades that share a common ancestor 102.13–112.88 Ma for families and a time window of 29.45–32.55 Ma for genera. Forty-five of the currently accepted genera in Parmeliaceae were supported in their current circumscription. Two subfamilies are accepted within Parmeliaceae: Protoparmelioideae Divakar et al. subfam. nov., including Protoparmelia and the resurrected genus Maronina, and Parmelioideae, including the bulk of genera in the family. The new genus Austromelanelixia Divakar et al. is proposed to accommodate a clade of southern Hemisphere species previously included in Melanelixia. Eumitria and tentatively Dolichousnea are resurrected as genera separate from Usnea. The following genera are reduced to synonymy: Allocetraria, Cetrariella, Usnocetraria, and Vulpicida with Cetraria; Arctocetraria, Cetreliopsis, Flavocetraria, Kaernefeltia, Masonhalea, Tuckermanella, and Tuckermannopsis with Nephromopsis; and the lichenicolous genera Nesolechia and Raesaenenia with the lichen-forming genera Punctelia and Protousnea, respectively. A total of 47 new combinations and three new names at the species level are proposed.

中文翻译：

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使用时间系统发生方法来协调最大的地衣形成真菌进化枝中的家族和属水平分类

尽管超特定等级的分类本质上是任意的，但是进化枝中可比的分类等级可以促进分类单位之间更一致的分类和客观比较。已经提出了超多样化的形成地衣的真菌家族伞形科的限制条件，以及作者之间广泛不同的通用限制条件。对于本研究，我们使用最近开发的时间方法，该方法使用经过时间校准的计时码表来识别虎耳草科和盟友组中特定级别的时间带，其首要目标是建立一致，稳定的分类。根据提出的时间方法，使用了代表该科的73个属和相关科的52个属的330个物种的数据集，以解决该现象的问题。根据这项研究的结果，我们提出了一种基于时间的修订的虎耳草科，包括所有具有共同祖先102.13-112.88 Ma的进化枝，家族的时间窗为29.45-32.55 Ma。他们目前的限制支持了目前在伞形科中接受的四十五属。虎耳草科中接受两个亚科：Protoparmelioideae Divakar等。子家族。十一月，包括 子家族。十一月，包括 子家族。十一月，包括原头纲目和复活的马洛尼娜属，以及伞形纲，包括该科的大部分属。新属Austromelanelixia Divakar等。建议将其容纳以前包括在Melanelixia中的南半球物种进化枝。Eumitria和暂定的Dolichousnea与Usnea分开复活。以下属被简化为同义词：别孢纲，切特里氏菌属，伞形纲和Vulpicida与切特氏菌；中华线虫菌，头孢菌属，头孢菌属，Kaernefeltia，Masonhalea，塔克曼氏菌和塔克曼虫病与肾病; 和lichenicolous属Nesolechia和Raesaenenia与地衣型属Punctelia和Protousnea，分别。在物种级别上，总共提出了47种新组合和3种新名称。