Although the high degree of non-monophyly and parallel evolution has long been acknowledged within the mazaediate Caliciaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), a natural re-classification of the group has not yet been accomplished. Here we constructed a multigene phylogeny of the Caliciaceae-Physciaceae clade in order to resolve the detailed relationships within the group, to propose a revised classification, and to perform a dating study. The few characters present in the available fossil and the complex character evolution of the group affects the interpretation of morphological traits and thus influences the assignment of the fossil to specific nodes in the phylogeny, when divergence time analyses are carried out. Alternative fossil assignments resulted in very different time estimates and the comparison with the analysis based on a secondary calibration demonstrates that the most likely placement of the fossil is close to a terminal node rather than a basal placement in the Calicium clade. Our dating analysis show two successive events giving rise to main clades of mazaediate taxa within the Caliciaceae, in the Upper-Lower Cretaceous boundary and in the Paleocene. As a result of this study, Cyphelium is synonymized with Calicium, Acolium is resurrected, and the new genera Allocalicium and Pseudothelomma are described. Twelve new combinations are proposed: Acolium karelicum, Acolium marcianum, Allocalicium adaequatum, Calicium carolinianum, Calicium lecideinum, Calicium lucidum, Calicium notarisii, Calicium pinicola, Calicium trachyliodes, Pseudothelomma occidentale, Pseudothelomma ocellatum and Thelomma brunneum. A key for the mazaedium-producing Caliciaceae is included.

中文翻译：

---

杯形科的系统发育，分类学和多样化事件

尽管早已在象牙形的杯形藻科（Lecanoromycetes，Ascomycota）中认识到高度的非单性和平行进化，但该组的自然重新分类尚未完成。在这里，我们构建了杯形藻科-杯形藻科进化枝的多基因系统发育，以解决该群体内的详细关系，提出修订的分类并进行约会研究。当进行发散时间分析时，可用化石中存在的几个字符以及该组中复杂的字符演变会影响形态特征的解释，从而影响到化石在系统发育中特定节点的分配。钙质枝。我们的测年分析表明，连续发生了两次事件，导致杯形藻科，上-下白垩统界线和古新世的马扎迪亚特类群的主要进化枝。作为这项研究的结果，Cyphelium是异名同Calicium，Acolium复活，新属Allocalicium和Pseudothelomma描述。提出了十二个新组合：Acolium karelicum，Acolium marcianum，Allocalicium adaequatum，Calicium野老，Calicium lecideinum，Calicium灵芝，Calicium notarisii，Calicium pinicola，Calicium trachyliodes，Pseudothelomma西的，Pseudothelomma毛虫 和Thelomma brunneum。包括生产mazaedium的Calciaceae的钥匙。