Background

The impact of prenatal ambient air pollution on child asthma may be modified by maternal stress, child sex, and exposure dose and timing.

Objective

We prospectively examined associations between coexposure to prenatal particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 microns (PM_2.5) and maternal stress and childhood asthma (n = 736).

Methods

Daily PM_2.5 exposure during pregnancy was estimated using a validated satellite-based spatiotemporally resolved prediction model. Prenatal maternal negative life events (NLEs) were dichotomized around the median (high: NLE ≥ 3; low: NLE < 3). We used Bayesian distributed lag interaction models to identify sensitive windows for prenatal PM_2.5 exposure on children's asthma by age 6 years, and determine effect modification by maternal stress and child sex.

Results

Bayesian distributed lag interaction models identified a critical window of exposure (19-23 weeks' gestation, cumulative odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.26; per interquartile range [1.7 μg/m³] increase in prenatal PM_2.5 level) during which children concomitantly exposed to prenatal PM_2.5 and maternal stress had increased risk of asthma. No significant association was seen in children born to women reporting low prenatal stress. When examining modifying effects of prenatal stress and fetal sex, we found that boys born to mothers with higher prenatal stress were most vulnerable (19-21 weeks' gestation; cumulative odds ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.15-1.41; per interquartile range increase in PM_2.5).

Conclusions

Prenatal PM_2.5 exposure during sensitive windows is associated with increased risk of child asthma, especially in boys concurrently exposed to elevated maternal stress.

中文翻译：

---

产前细颗粒物暴露和儿童早期哮喘：母亲压力和胎儿性别的影响

 背景

产前环境空气污染对儿童哮喘的影响可能会因母亲压力、儿童性别以及暴露剂量和时间而改变。

 客观的

我们前瞻性地研究了共同暴露于空气动力学直径小于 2.5 微米 (PM _2.5 ) 的产前颗粒物与母亲压力和儿童哮喘之间的关联 (n = 736)。

 方法

使用经过验证的基于卫星的时空解析预测模型估算怀孕期间每日 PM _2.5暴露量。产前母亲消极生活事件 (NLE) 围绕中位数分为两部分（高：NLE ≥ 3；低：NLE < 3）。我们使用贝叶斯分布式滞后交互模型来确定产前 PM _2.5暴露对 6 岁儿童哮喘的敏感窗口，并确定母亲压力和儿童性别的影响修正。

 结果

贝叶斯分布式滞后交互模型确定了一个关键的暴露窗口（妊娠 19-23 周，累积比值比，1.15；95% CI，1.03-1.26；每四分位数范围 [1.7 μg/m ³ ] 产前 PM _2.5水平增加）在此期间，同时接触产前 PM _2.5和母亲压力的儿童患哮喘的风险增加。报告产前压力较低的女性所生的孩子没有发现显着的关联。在检查产前压力和胎儿性别的改变效应时，我们发现产前压力较高的母亲所生的男孩最容易受到伤害（妊娠 19-21 周；累积比值比，1.28；95% CI，1.15-1.41；每四分位数范围） PM _2.5增加）。

 结论

敏感窗口期间的产前 PM _2.5暴露与儿童哮喘风险增加相关，尤其是同时暴露于母亲压力升高的男孩中。