Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are among the most potent antimicrobial agents, which have seen their increasing use as human and veterinary medicines to control bacterial infections. FQs have been extensively found in surface water and municipal wastewaters, which has raised great concerns due to their negative impacts to humans and ecological health. It is of utmost importance that FQs are treated before their release into the environment. This paper reviews oxidative removal of FQs using reactive oxygen (O₃ and OH), sulfate radicals (SO₄^•–), and high-valent transition metal (Mn^VII and Fe^VI) species. The role of metals in enhancing the performance of reactive oxygen and sulfur species is presented. The catalysts can significantly enhance the production of OH and/or SO₄^–radicals. At neutral pH, the second-order rate constants (k, M⁻¹ s⁻¹) of the reactions between FQs and oxidants follow the order as k(OH) > k(O₃) > k(Fe^VI) > k(Mn^VII). Moieties involved to transform target FQs to oxidized products and participation of the catalysts in the reaction pathways are discussed. Generally, the piperazinyl ring of FQs was found as the preferential attack site by each oxidant. Meanwhile, evaluation of aquatic ecotoxicity of the transformation products of FQs by these treatments is summarized.

中文翻译：

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金属介导的水中氟喹诺酮类抗生素的氧化：动力学，转化产物和毒性评估的综述

氟喹诺酮类（FQs）是最有效的抗菌剂之一，它们已越来越多地用作控制细菌感染的人类和兽药。在地表水和市政废水中已广泛发现FQ，由于它们对人类和生态健康的负面影响，引起了人们的极大关注。最重要的是，在将FQ释放到环境中之前对其进行处理。本文综述了使用活性氧（O ₃和OH），硫酸根（SO ₄ ^•–）和高价过渡金属（Mn ^VII和Fe ^VI）种类。介绍了金属在增强活性氧和硫物种性能方面的作用。该催化剂可以显着提高生产OH和/或SO ₄ ^-的基团。在中性pH下，FQ与氧化剂之间反应的二阶速率常数（k，M ^-1  s ^-1）遵循k（OH）>  k（O ₃）>  k（Fe ^VI）>  k（Mn ^VII）。讨论了将目标FQ转化为氧化产物以及催化剂参与反应路径的部分。通常，FQs的哌嗪基环被每种氧化剂发现为优先攻击位点。同时，总结了这些处理对FQs转化产物的水生生态毒性的评价。