Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has gained widespread application for the characterization of functionalized electrode surfaces and for the transduction of bio-sensing events. However, bio-sensors using EIS detection have to be carefully designed to minimize non-specific binding of the analyte. In this sense, surface engineering by using nanocomposite materials (NCs) is advantageous due to the increased electrode surface area, improved electrical conductivity of the sensing interface, chemical accessibility to the analyte and electroanalysis. Accordingly, this review summarizes the basis of the EIS technique as well as its implementation not only in common Faradaic EIS (impedimetric) bio-sensors using NCs as highly sensitive transducer platforms but also in not so conventional non-Faradaic EIS (capacitive) approaches. Finally, it is also highlighted the feasibility of EIS as an alternative characterization tool towards the optimization of NC electrodes in terms of loading ratios for electroanalytical improvements, summarizing the latest promising results in nanocomposite carbon paste electrodes.

中文翻译：

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涉及纳米复合换能器的电化学阻抗谱的趋势：表征，建筑表面和生物传感

电化学阻抗谱（EIS）在功能化电极表面的表征和生物传感事件的转导方面获得了广泛的应用。但是，必须仔细设计使用EIS检测的生物传感器，以最大程度地减少分析物的非特异性结合。从这个意义上讲，由于增加了电极表面积，改善了传感界面的电导率，对分析物的化学可及性和电分析性，使用纳米复合材料（NCs）进行表面工程处理是有利的。因此，本综述总结了EIS技术的基础及其不仅在使用NC作为高度敏感的传感器平台的普通法拉第EIS （阻抗式）生物传感器中实现，而且还没有在常规的非法拉第EIS中实现（电容式）方法。最后，它还强调了EIS作为优化NC电极的替代特征分析工具的可行性，以改善电分析的负载率，总结了纳米复合碳糊电极的最新前景。