Cardiovascular disease (CVD) follows a seasonal pattern in many populations. Broadly defined winter peaks and clusters of all subtypes of CVD after 'cold snaps' are consistently described, with corollary peaks linked to heat waves. Individuals living in milder climates might be more vulnerable to seasonality. Although seasonal variation in CVD is largely driven by predictable changes in weather conditions, a complex interaction between ambient environmental conditions and the individual is evident. Behavioural and physiological responses to seasonal change modulate susceptibility to cardiovascular seasonality. The heterogeneity in environmental conditions and population dynamics across the globe means that a definitive study of this complex phenomenon is unlikely. However, given the size of the problem and a range of possible targets to reduce seasonal provocation of CVD in vulnerable individuals, scope exists for both greater recognition of the problem and application of multifaceted interventions to attenuate its effects. In this Review, we identify the physiological and environmental factors that contribute to seasonality in nearly all forms of CVD, highlight findings from large-scale population studies of this phenomenon across the globe, and describe the potential strategies that might attenuate peaks in cardiovascular events during cold and hot periods of the year.

在许多人群中，心血管疾病（CVD）遵循季节性模式。一致地描述了“冷c”之后所有CVD的亚型的广泛定义的冬季峰和簇，推论峰与热浪有关。生活在温和气候中的人可能更容易受到季节性因素的影响。尽管CVD的季节性变化在很大程度上是由天气状况的可预测变化驱动的，但周围环境状况与个人之间的复杂相互作用是显而易见的。对季节性变化的行为和生理反应调节了对心血管季节性的敏感性。全球环境条件和人口动态的异质性意味着不可能对这种复杂现象进行确切的研究。然而，考虑到问题的严重性和减少易感人群CVD的季节性激发的一系列可能目标，存在着更大的认识范围以及采取多方面干预措施以减轻其影响的空间。在本综述中，我们确定了几乎所有形式的CVD均会导致季节性变化的生理和环境因素，重点介绍了全球对该现象进行大规模人群研究的结果，并描述了可能减弱心血管疾病高峰期的潜在策略。一年中的寒冷和炎热时期。