Schemas are superordinate knowledge structures that reflect abstracted commonalities across multiple experiences, exerting powerful influences over how events are perceived, interpreted, and remembered. Activated schema templates modulate early perceptual processing, as they get populated with specific informational instances (schema instantiation). Instantiated schemas, in turn, can enhance or distort mnemonic processing from the outset (at encoding), impact offline memory transformation and accelerate neocortical integration. Recent studies demonstrate distinctive neurobiological processes underlying schema-related learning. Interactions between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), hippocampus, angular gyrus (AG), and unimodal associative cortices support context-relevant schema instantiation and schema mnemonic effects. The vmPFC and hippocampus may compete (as suggested by some models) or synchronize (as suggested by others) to optimize schema-related learning depending on the specific operationalization of schema memory. This highlights the need for more precise definitions of memory schemas.

中文翻译：

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图式的神经生物学和图式介导的记忆

图式是上级知识结构，反映了跨多个经验的抽象共性，对事件的感知、解释和记忆方式产生了强大的影响。激活的模式模板会调节早期的感知处理，因为它们填充了特定的信息实例（模式实例化）。反过来，实例化模式可以从一开始（在编码时）增强或扭曲助记符处理，影响离线记忆转换并加速新皮层整合。最近的研究证明了图式相关学习背后独特的神经生物学过程。腹内侧前额叶皮层 (vmPFC)、海马、角回 (AG) 和单峰关联皮层之间的相互作用支持与上下文相关的模式实例化和模式助记效应。vmPFC 和海马可能会竞争（如某些模型所建议的）或同步（如其他模型所建议的）以根据模式记忆的特定操作来优化与模式相关的学习。这突出了对内存模式更精确定义的需求。