Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as critical regulators of gene expression in the immune system. Studies have shown that lncRNAs are expressed in a highly lineage-specific manner and control the differentiation and function of innate and adaptive cell types. In this Review, we focus on mechanisms used by lncRNAs to regulate genes encoding products involved in the immune response, including direct interactions with chromatin, RNA and proteins. In addition, we address new areas of lncRNA biology, such as the functions of enhancer RNAs, circular RNAs and chemical modifications to RNA in cellular processes. We emphasize critical gaps in knowledge and future prospects for the roles of lncRNAs in the immune system and autoimmune disease.

中文翻译：

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长链非编码 RNA 在免疫系统中的基因调控。

长链非编码 RNA (lncRNA) 正在成为免疫系统中基因表达的关键调节因子。研究表明，lncRNA 以高度谱系特异性的方式表达，并控制先天和适应性细胞类型的分化和功能。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注 lncRNA 用于调节免疫反应相关基因编码产物的机制，包括与染色质、RNA 和蛋白质的直接相互作用。此外，我们还探讨了 lncRNA 生物学的新领域，例如增强子 RNA、环状 RNA 的功能以及细胞过程中 RNA 的化学修饰。我们强调 lncRNA 在免疫系统和自身免疫性疾病中的作用的知识和未来前景方面的关键差距。