Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as potential alternatives to classical metal-based semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) due to the abundance of their precursors, their ease of synthesis, high biocompatibility, low cost, and particularly their strong photoresponsiveness, tunability, and stability. Light is a versatile, tunable stimulus that can provide spatiotemporal control. Its interaction with CQDs elicits interesting responses such as wavelength-dependent optical emissions, charge/electron transfer, and heat generation, processes that are suitable for a range of photomediated bioapplications. The carbogenic core and surface characteristics of CQDs can be tuned through versatile engineering strategies to endow specific optical and physicochemical properties, while conjugation with specific moieties can enable the design of targeted probes. Fundamental approaches to tune the responses of CQDs to photo-interactions and the design of bionanoprobes are presented, which enable biomedical applications involving diagnostics and therapeutics. These strategies represent comprehensive platforms for engineering multifunctional probes for nanomedicine, and the design of QD probes with a range of metal-free and emerging 2D materials.

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碳量子点（CQD）由于其前驱体的丰富，易于合成，生物相容性高，成本低，特别是其强大的光响应性，可调性和可替代性，已成为经典的基于金属的半导体量子点（QD）的潜在替代品。稳定。灯光是一种多功能的可调刺激，可以提供时空控制。它与CQD的相互作用引起了有趣的响应，例如与波长有关的光发射，电荷/电子转移和热量产生，这些过程适用于一系列光介生物应用。可以通过通用的工程策略来调整CQD的生碳核心和表面特性，以赋予其特定的光学和物理化学特性，而与特定部分的结合可以实现目标探针的设计。提出了调节CQD对光相互作用的响应的基本方法以及生物纳米探针的设计，这些方法使涉及诊断和治疗的生物医学应用成为可能。这些策略代表了用于工程化纳米医学多功能探针的全面平台，以及使用多种无金属和新兴2D材料设计的QD探针。

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