This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in which exercise would be dangerous. Underlying the notion are human twin studies and animal selective breeding studies, both of which provide indirect evidence for the existence of genes for physical inactivity. Approximately 86% of the 325 million in the United States (U.S.) population achieve less than the U.S. Government and World Health Organization guidelines for daily physical activity for health. Although underappreciated, physical inactivity is an actual contributing cause to at least 35 unhealthy conditions, including the majority of the 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. First, we introduce nine physical inactivity-related themes. Next, characteristics and models of physical inactivity are presented. Following next are individual examples of phenotypes, organ systems, and diseases that are impacted by physical inactivity, including behavior, central nervous system, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolism, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, bone, immunity, digestion, and cancer. Importantly, physical inactivity, itself, often plays an independent role as a direct cause of speeding the losses of cardiovascular and strength fitness, shortening of healthspan, and lowering of the age for the onset of the first chronic disease, which in turn decreases quality of life, increases health care costs, and accelerates mortality risk.

中文翻译：

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不活动在慢性病中的作用：进化洞察和病理生理机制


这篇综述提出，身体不活动可以被认为是进化选择的一种用于休息的行为，也可以选择在危及生命的情况下进行强化，在这种情况下，运动是危险的。这一概念的基础是人类双胞胎研究和动物选择性育种研究，两者都为缺乏身体活动的基因的存在提供了间接证据。美国 3.25 亿人口中，约有 86% 的人的日常身体活动量低于美国政府和世界卫生组织的健康指标。尽管没有充分认识到，缺乏身体活动实际上是导致至少 35 种不健康状况的一个实际原因，其中包括美国 10 种主​​要死亡原因中的大多数。首先，我们介绍九种与缺乏身体活动相关的主题。接下来，介绍身体不活动的特征和模型。接下来是受缺乏身体活动影响的表型、器官系统和疾病的具体例子，包括行为、中枢神经系统、心肺健康、新陈代谢、脂肪组织、骨骼肌、骨骼、免疫、消化和癌症。重要的是，缺乏身体活动本身往往是加速心血管和力量健康损失、缩短健康寿命、降低首次慢性病发病年龄的直接原因，从而降低了生活质量。生命，增加医疗费用，并加速死亡风险。