The release of membrane-bound vesicles from cells is being increasingly recognized as a mechanism of intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes are produced by virus-infected cells and are thought to be involved in intercellular communication between infected and uninfected cells. Viruses, in particular oncogenic viruses and viruses that establish chronic infections, have been shown to modulate the production and content of EVs. Viral microRNAs, proteins and even entire virions can be incorporated into EVs, which can affect the immune recognition of viruses or modulate neighbouring cells. In this Review, we discuss the roles that EVs have during viral infection to either promote or restrict viral replication in target cells. We will also discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie these roles, the potential consequences for the infected host and possible future diagnostic applications.

中文翻译：

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病毒对细胞外囊泡含量和功能的影响

膜结合的囊泡从细胞中的释放日益被认为是细胞间通讯的一种机制。细胞外囊泡（EVs）或外来体是由病毒感染的细胞产生的，被认为与感染细胞和未感染细胞之间的细胞间通讯有关。病毒，特别是致癌病毒和建立慢性感染的病毒，已被证明可以调节电动汽车的生产和含量。病毒微RNA，蛋白质甚至整个病毒体都可以整合到电动汽车中，从而影响病毒的免疫识别或调节邻近细胞。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了电动汽车在病毒感染过程中对促进或限制靶细胞中病毒复制的作用。