www.thelancet.com/neurology Published online July 11, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30212-0 1 In an era in which fake news is permeating mainstream journalism, it is becoming particularly important that scientific facts are separated from untruths. Coupled with the public’s increasing appetite for using different types of media, there are now more ways than ever for those engaged in science research to communicate their work to the general public. After 15 years working in neuroscience research, a position at the Wellcome Trust as part of their science engagement team, participating as a judge for the Man Booker Prize in 2014, and most recently becoming the Director of the Science Gallery, expected to open in London in 2018, Daniel Glaser is no stranger to science communication. Glaser aims to enlighten his listeners in the form of a podcast named A neuroscientist explains, launched in January, 2017. How science and culture meet is the subject of his weekly 200-word column in The Observer newspaper, in which he discusses aspects of the previous week’s news in relation to findings from neuroscience. The accompanying podcast series delves deeper into the topics briefly summarised in his column. In the first episode, Glaser and podcast producer Max Sanderson explain that the podcast represents an opportunity to expand on points alluded to in the column and hear the voices of the people involved in neuroscience research today. Whereas the column is about “neuroscience of everyday life”, Sanderson describes the podcast as revealing the “human lives within neuroscience”. The first half of the hour-long podcast starts with a conversation between Glaser and Sanderson; Max asks the questions and Daniel provides basic background of the neuroscience concepts behind some of the topics discussed in the column and highlights some gaps in the knowledge. In the second half, Glaser invites a researcher to talk about ongoing, cutting edge research in a related field of neuroscience. The first episode in the series is linked to Glaser’s column about music. He describes anecdotal cases of patients who have lost specific functions such as speech as a result of damage to the CNS due to stroke, but who retain their ability to sing. Such cases are thought to be caused by the functional architecture of the brain: the area of the brain controlling speech is damaged, but distinct areas of the brain responsible for singing words and processing emotion (music being a major instrument of emotional expression) are spared. On this subject, Lauren Stewart (Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK), whose research interests include the cognitive neuroscience and therapeutic uses of music, discusses how the different processes of learning music, either through listening or through musical notation, result in different changes in the brain. In terms of the therapeutic potential of music in neurological disorders, research is ongoing; however, some findings suggest that music can help in improving mood or recalling specific memories in diseases affecting cognitive ability (eg, Alzheimer’s disease), and auditory–motor coupling (particularly regular rhythms) might help to improve gait in movement disorders through synchronisation of movement to the expected regular beat. Stewart concludes that linking different brain systems using music could have therapeutic uses in neurological disease, but warns against being seduced by striking, highprofile cases, because further research is needed. In the second episode, Glaser discusses how the brain creates, stores, recalls, and loses memories. Amid the many patients who provided case studies of memory disorders, Glaser calls to mind arguably the most famous patient, Henry Molaison (Patient HM), who lost the ability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) after undergoing brain surgery in an attempt to cure his epilepsy. In studying Patient HM, neurologists established that particular areas of the brain were involved in generating different types of memory and that there was a distinction between episodic or declarative memory (the ability to learn new facts) and procedural memory (the ability to learn new skills). In the latter half of the episode, Charlotte Russell (Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK), whose research interests include attention and episodic memory, emphasises that memories do not exist in neat packages somewhere in the brain at any one time; rather, evidence suggests that memories are created upon recall through a reconstructive process based on experience. Studies showing that people can create false memories by adapting or adding details suggest a more fluid and malleable concept of memory. In the third episode, Glaser calls into question the controversial idea of whether human empathy involves mirror neurons, which are thought to activate both when an action is performed and when the action is observed being performed by another person. Originally described in non-human primates and other vertebrates, the role of the mirror system in humans is much debated. Cognitive neuroscientist Francesca Happé (Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, UK) describes empathy as having emotional resonance with another person—knowing how they feel, rather than just how they think. Empathy is thought to develop with experience, and having experience of a particular emotion is key for empathy with another person’s emotion. Whether or not the mirror system is involved in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism is unclear. However, Happé suggests that the mirror system Podcast Conversations with a neuroscientist

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与神经科学家的对话

www.thelancet.com/neurology 2017 年 7 月 11 日在线发布 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30212-0 1 在假新闻充斥主流新闻的时代，它正在成为将科学事实与谎言区分开来尤为重要。再加上公众对使用不同类型媒体的兴趣日益增加，现在从事科学研究的人比以往任何时候都有更多的方式向公众传播他们的工作。在神经科学研究工作 15 年后，在威康信托基金会担任科学参与团队的一员，担任 2014 年曼布克奖的评委，最近成为科学馆馆长，预计将在伦敦开幕2018 年，Daniel Glaser 对科学传播并不陌生。Glaser 旨在以 2017 年 1 月推出的名为“神经科学家解释的播客”的形式启发听众。科学与文化如何相遇是他在《观察家报》上每周 200 字的专栏的主题，他在其中讨论了上周有关神经科学发现的新闻。随附的播客系列深入探讨了他的专栏中简要总结的主题。在第一集中，格拉泽和播客制作人马克斯桑德森解释说，播客代表了一个机会，可以扩展专栏中提到的观点，并听取当今参与神经科学研究的人们的声音。专栏是关于“日常生活的神经科学”，桑德森将播客描述为揭示“神经科学中的人类生活”。长达一个小时的播客的前半部分以格拉泽和桑德森之间的对话开始；Max 提出问题，Daniel 提供了专栏中讨论的一些主题背后的神经科学概念的基本背景，并强调了知识中的一些差距。在后半部分，Glaser 邀请一位研究人员谈论神经科学相关领域正在进行的前沿研究。该系列的第一集与格拉泽关于音乐的专栏有关。他描述了一些患者因中风导致中枢神经系统受损而丧失语言等特定功能，但仍保留唱歌能力的轶事案例。这种情况被认为是由大脑的功能结构引起的：控制语音的大脑区域受损，但是大脑中负责唱词和处理情感（音乐是情感表达的主要工具）的不同区域却没有受到影响。在这个主题上，Lauren Stewart（英国伦敦大学金史密斯学院心理学系）的研究兴趣包括认知神经科学和音乐的治疗用途，讨论了通过聆听或通过乐谱学习音乐的不同过程，导致大脑发生不同的变化。就音乐对神经系统疾病的治疗潜力而言，研究正在进行中；然而，一些研究结果表明，音乐可以帮助改善情绪或回忆影响认知能力的疾病（例如阿尔茨海默病）的特定记忆，和听觉 - 运动耦合（特别是规律的节奏）可能有助于通过将运动与预期的规律节拍同步来改善运动障碍的步态。斯图尔特得出结论，使用音乐将不同的大脑系统联系起来可能对神经系统疾病有治疗作用，但警告不要被引人注目的、引人注目的案例所诱惑，因为还需要进一步的研究。在第二集中，格拉泽讨论了大脑如何创造、储存、回忆和失去记忆。在众多提供记忆障碍案例研究的患者中，Glaser 让人想起可以说是最著名的患者 Henry Molaison（患者 HM），他在接受脑部手术以试图治愈后失去了形成新记忆的能力（顺行性遗忘症）他的癫痫。在研究患者 HM 时，神经学家确定大脑的特定区域参与产生不同类型的记忆，并且情景或陈述性记忆（学习新事实的能力）和程序性记忆（学习新技能的能力）之间存在区别。在本集的后半部分，Charlotte Russell（英国伦敦国王学院精神病学、心理学和神经科学研究所）的研究兴趣包括注意力和情景记忆，她强调记忆并不存在于大脑中任何地方的整齐包装中。一度; 相反，有证据表明，记忆是通过基于经验的重建过程在回忆时产生的。研究表明，人们可以通过调整或添加细节来创造虚假记忆，这表明记忆的概念更加流畅和可塑。在第三集中，格拉泽对人类同理心是否涉及镜像神经元这一有争议的观点提出质疑，镜像神经元被认为在执行一个动作和观察到另一个人执行该动作时都会激活。最初是在非人类灵长类动物和其他脊椎动物中描述的，镜像系统在人类中的作用引起了很多争论。认知神经科学家 Francesca Happé（英国伦敦国王学院医学研究委员会社会、遗传和发育精神病学中心）将同理心描述为与他人产生情感共鸣——了解他们的感受，而不仅仅是他们的想法。同理心被认为是随着经验而发展的，对特定情绪的体验是对另一个人的情绪产生同理心的关键。镜像系统是否与自闭症等神经发育障碍有关尚不清楚。然而，Happé 建议使用镜像系统 Podcast Conversations with a Neuroscientist