Abstract Biodiesel is receiving serious attention globally as a potential alternative fuel for replacing mineral diesel, partially or fully. In this review paper, most prominent methods of biodiesel production commercially, life-cycle analysis and economic issues related to biodiesel, engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics including particulate, engine compatibility issues and effect of biodiesel usage on engine component wear and lubricating oil are comprehensively discussed. Majority of biodiesel produced globally is via base-catalyzed transesterification process since this is a low temperature and pressure process, having high conversion rates without intermediate steps, and it uses inexpensive materials of construction for the plant. Catalyst types (alkaline, acidic or enzymatic), catalyst concentration, molar ratio of alcohol/oil, reaction temperature, moisture content of reactants, and free fatty acid (FFA) content of oil are the main factors affecting biodiesel (ester) yield from the transesterification process. Substantial reduction in particulate matter (PM), total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in comparison to mineral diesel, and increased brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) emissions are reported by most researchers using unmodified compression ignition (CI) engines. This review covers several aspects, which are not covered by previous review articles, such as effect of biodiesel on unregulated emissions, effect of biodiesel on carbon deposits, wear of key engine components, and lubricating oil in long-term endurance studies. It emerges from literature review that even minor blends of biodiesel help control emissions and ease pressure on scarce petroleum resources without sacrificing engine power output, engine performance and fuel economy. This review underscores that future studies should focus on optimization of fuel injection equipment and hardware modifications to develop dedicated biodiesel engines, improve low temperature performance of biodiesel fuelled engines, develop new biodiesel compatible lubricating oil formulations and special materials for engine components before implementing large-scale substitution of mineral diesel by biodiesel globally.

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生物柴油在汽车领域大规模应用的潜力和挑战

摘要 生物柴油作为部分或完全替代矿物柴油的潜在替代燃料，在全球范围内受到广泛关注。在这篇综述论文中，最突出的生物柴油商业生产方法、生命周期分析和与生物柴油相关的经济问题、发动机性能、燃烧和排放特征（包括颗粒）、发动机兼容性问题以及生物柴油使用对发动机部件磨损和润滑油的影响是进行了全面的讨论。全球生产的大部分生物柴油是通过碱催化酯交换过程，因为这是一个低温和压力过程，具有高转化率，无需中间步骤，并且它使用廉价的工厂建造材料。催化剂类型（碱性、酸性或酶促）、催化剂浓度、醇/油的摩尔比、反应温度、反应物的水分含量和油的游离脂肪酸（FFA）含量是影响酯交换过程中生物柴油（酯）产率的主要因素。大多数研究人员报告说，与矿物柴油相比，颗粒物 (PM)、总碳氢化合物 (THC) 和一氧化碳 (CO) 排放量大幅减少，制动比燃料消耗量 (BSFC) 和氮氧化物 (NOX) 排放量增加未改进的压缩点火 (CI) 发动机。本综述涵盖了之前综述文章未涵盖的几个方面，例如生物柴油对不受管制排放的影响、生物柴油对积碳的影响、关键发动机部件的磨损以及长期耐久性研究中的润滑油。文献综述表明，即使是少量的生物柴油混合物也有助于控制排放并缓解稀缺石油资源的压力，而不会牺牲发动机功率输出、发动机性能和燃油经济性。本综述强调，未来的研究应侧重于燃料喷射设备的优化和硬件改造，以开发专用生物柴油发动机，提高生物柴油发动机的低温性能，开发新的生物柴油兼容润滑油配方和发动机部件的特殊材料，然后再大规模实施。在全球范围内用生物柴油替代矿物柴油。