Two-photon polymerization (2PP) leverages the two-photon absorption (TPA) of near-infrared (NIR) radiation for additive manufacturing with sub-diffraction limit resolution within the bulk of a photosensitive material. This technology draws heavily on photosensitive polymers from the microelectronics industry, which were not optimized for TPA or for biocompatibility. 2PP with sub 100 nm resolution has been repeatedly demonstrated; however, this level of fabrication resolution comes at the expense of long fabrication times. Manufacturing of medical devices beyond surface texturing would be prohibitively slow using the current state of the art 2PP technology. Current research into TPA-sensitive photopolymers with good biocompatibility and holographic projections using spatial light modulators address current technological limitations by providing materials specifically formulated for biological applications and by making better use of available laser power for applications in which nanoscale resolution is not required.

中文翻译：

---

用于生物应用的双光子聚合

双光子聚合 (2PP) 利用近红外 (NIR) 辐射的双光子吸收 (TPA) 进行增材制造，在感光材料的主体内具有亚衍射极限分辨率。该技术大量利用来自微电子行业的光敏聚合物，这些聚合物并未针对 TPA 或生物相容性进行优化。100nm以下分辨率的2PP已被反复论证；然而，这种水平的制造分辨率是以较长的制造时间为代价的。使用当前最先进的 2PP 技术，制造超出表面纹理的医疗设备将非常缓慢。