Source apportionment studies of particulate matter are common and have been performed either as source region analyses using air mass back trajectories or by source type using source apportionment techniques. By combining the two approaches, it is possible to estimate the relative importance of emitters in different regions. PM2.5 samples were collected in Gothenburg between September 2008 and September 2009. The mean daily PM2.5 level was 6.1 μg m-3 (range 0.79–30.91 μg m-3). Elemental analyses were done using Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Source apportionment was carried out using the US EPA PMF 5.0 software. The sources long-range transport (LRT), LRT-Pb (lead-containing LRT), ship emissions, combustion, marine, and resuspension were identified. Air mass trajectories were estimated using HYSPLIT model (version 4.9). Six transport clusters were identified: South Scandinavia 21%, North Scandinavia 11%, Baltic Sea 8%, Eastern Europe 6%, UK/North Sea/Denmark 25%, and North Atlantic Ocean 30%. LRT was the major contributor to PM2.5 levels across all six transport clusters (48%) followed by ship emissions (20%) and combustion (19%). The transport cluster associated with the highest PM2.5 levels was Eastern Europe followed by South Scandinavia, UK/North Sea/Denmark, and Baltic Sea. After considering the frequency of the transport clusters, the transport clusters associated with the highest PM2.5 levels were UK-NorthS-DK, S-Scandic, and N-Atlantic, while Eastern Europe only contributed 9% towards PM2.5 levels. Abatement strategies aimed at reductions of ship emissions, industry emissions, and road traffic emissions on an European level and local combustion sources on a city-scale level would be the two most effective directions for reducing ambient PM2.5 in Gothenburg.

中文翻译：

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瑞典哥德堡的跨界PM2.5远程运输群和正矩阵分解源分配

颗粒物的源分配研究是很普遍的，可以作为使用空气质量反演轨迹进行源区域分析，也可以使用源分配技术按源类型进行。通过结合这两种方法，可以估计不同区域中的发射器的相对重要性。2008年9月至2009年9月期间，在哥德堡采集了PM2.5样品。平均PM2.5每日平均值为6.1μgm-3（范围为0.79–30.91μgm-3）。使用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法进行元素分析。源分配使用US EPA PMF 5.0软件进行。确定了远程运输（LRT），LRT-Pb（含铅LRT），船舶排放，燃烧，海洋和再悬浮的来源。空气质量轨迹是使用HYSPLIT模型（版本4.9）估算的。确定了六个运输集群：南斯堪的纳维亚半岛21％，北斯堪的纳维亚半岛11％，波罗的海8％，东欧6％，英国/北海/丹麦25％和北大西洋30％。在所有六个运输集群中，轻轨是PM2.5水平的主要贡献者（48％），其次是船舶排放（20％）和燃烧（19％）。与最高PM2.5水平相关的运输集群是东欧，其次是南斯堪的纳维亚半岛，英国/北海/丹麦和波罗的海。考虑运输群的频率后，与PM2.5最高水平相关的运输群为UK-NorthS-DK，S-Scandic和N-Atlantic，而东欧仅对PM2.5贡献9％。旨在减少船舶排放量，行业排放量，