Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular characteristics helped to determine which tumors are most likely to progress. About 50% of patients carrying genetic alterations such as chromosomal aberrations and mutations are at significant risk for metastatic disease of which the majority will succumb to UM within few months. Currently, there is no effective treatment for metastatic uveal melanoma, and we hope this review will encourage researchers and clinicians to work to find a better standard of care. In this article we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular framework of UM, highlighting the most common mutations involved in this kind of cancer. It also covers the most recent treatments from basic research to clinical trials, including small molecules, nucleic acids or immunotherapy, among others. It is intended to serve as a key reference for clinicians and researchers working in this field.

中文翻译：

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葡萄膜黑色素瘤治疗的最新进展

葡萄膜黑色素瘤（UM）是成人中最常见的原发性眼内恶性肿瘤。对分子特征的了解的最新进展有助于确定哪些肿瘤最可能进展。约有50％的携带遗传变异（例如染色体畸变和突变）的患者极有可能罹患转移性疾病，其中大多数会在几个月内死于UM。目前，尚无针对转移性葡萄膜黑色素瘤的有效治疗方法，我们希望本文能够鼓励研究人员和临床医生努力寻找更好的治疗标准。在本文中，我们提供了UM分子框架的全面概述，重点介绍了与这种癌症有关的最常见突变。它还涵盖了从基础研究到临床试验的最新治疗方法，包括小分子，核酸或免疫疗法等。它旨在为从事该领域的临床医生和研究人员提供重要参考。