The detection of infectious pathogens is essential for the induction of antimicrobial immune responses. The innate immune system detects a wide array of microbes using a limited set of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). One family of PRRs with a central role in innate immunity are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Upon ligation, these receptors initiate signaling pathways culminating in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or type I interferons (IFN-I). In recent years, it has become evident that the specific subcellular location and timing of TLR activation affect signaling outcome. The subtlety of this signaling has led to a growing demand for chemical tools that provide the ability to conditionally control TLR activation. In this review, we survey current models for TLR signaling in time and space, discuss how chemical tools have contributed to our understanding of TLR ligands, and describe how they can aid further elucidation of the dynamic aspects of TLR signaling.

中文翻译：

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用于研究TLR信号动力学的化学工具

感染性病原体的检测对于诱导抗微生物免疫反应至关重要。先天免疫系统使用一组有限的模式识别受体（PRR）来检测各种各样的微生物。在先天免疫中起主要作用的PRR家族之一是Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors，TLR）。连接后，这些受体启动信号通路，最终导致促炎性细胞因子和/或I型干扰素（IFN-I）释放。近年来，很明显，TLR激活的特定亚细胞位置和时机会影响信号转导的结果。这种信号的微妙性导致对化学工具的需求不断增长，这些化学工具提供了有条件地控制TLR激活的能力。在这篇评论中，我们调查了时空中TLR信令的当前模型，