We review the tremendous advances in ultrafast X-ray science, over the past 15 years, making the best use of new ultrashort X-ray sources including table-top or large-scale facilities. Different complementary X-ray-based techniques, including spectroscopy, scattering, and diffraction, are presented. The broad and expanding spectrum of these techniques in the ultrafast time domain is delivering new insight into the dynamics of molecular systems, of solutions, of solids, and of biosystems. Probing the time evolution of the electronic and structural degrees of freedom of these systems on the time scales of femtosecond to picoseconds delivers new insight into our understanding of dynamical matter.

中文翻译：

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时间分辨X射线方法映射的分子系统的光诱导结构动力学

我们回顾了过去15年中超快X射线科学的巨大进步，并充分利用了包括桌面或大型设施在内的新型超短X射线源。介绍了不同的基于X射线的互补技术，包括光谱学，散射和衍射。这些技术在超快速时域中的广泛且不断扩展的范围为分子系统，溶液，固体和生物系统的动力学提供了新的见解。在飞秒到皮秒的时间尺度上探索这些系统的电子和结构自由度的时间演变，可以为我们对动力学问题的理解提供新的见解。