Synthetic nanocarriers continue to play an important role in nanomedicine as the next generation of therapeutics demands effective intracellular delivery. Better understanding of the extra- and intra-cellular fate of the nanocarriers in relation with biological environments in vitro and in vivo is essential for the progress of nanocarrier-based therapeutics. As nanocarriers come into contact with biological fluid, interactions with various biomolecules alter their initial physicochemical status. Such dynamic modifications influence their interactions with cells and the subsequent endocytic process. Upon cellular uptake, intracellular machineries control their trafficking, release and degradation of cargoes, and exocytosis. In this Review, we highlight the navigation of nanocarriers through various extra- and intra-cellular barriers, with an emphasis on how dynamic interactions with biological components alter their fate and performance.

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与生物学动态相互作用下纳米载体的细胞外和细胞内命运

合成的纳米载体在纳米医学中继续发挥重要作用，因为下一代治疗药物需要有效的细胞内递送。在与生物环境关系更好地理解，纳米载体的外和细胞内命运的体外和体内对于基于纳米载体的治疗方法的发展至关重要。随着纳米载体与生物流体的接触，与各种生物分子的相互作用改变了它们的初始物理化学状态。这种动态修饰影响它们与细胞的相互作用以及随后的内吞过程。细胞吸收后，细胞内的机器控制其运输，货物的释放和降解以及胞吐作用。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了纳米载体通过各种细胞外和细胞内屏障的导航，并着重于与生物成分的动态相互作用如何改变其命运和性能。