The recent advances in the development of heterogeneous catalysts and processes for the direct hydrogenation of CO₂ to formate/formic acid, methanol, and dimethyl ether are thoroughly reviewed, with special emphasis on thermodynamics and catalyst design considerations. After introducing the main motivation for the development of such processes, we first summarize the most important aspects of CO₂ capture and green routes to produce H₂. Once the scene in terms of feedstocks is introduced, we carefully summarize the state of the art in the development of heterogeneous catalysts for these important hydrogenation reactions. Finally, in an attempt to give an order of magnitude regarding CO₂ valorization, we critically assess economical aspects of the production of methanol and DME and outline future research and development directions.

中文翻译：

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非均相催化CO ₂加氢工艺绿色生产甲酸酯/甲酸，甲酸和二甲醚的挑战

对非均相催化剂的开发和将CO ₂直接加氢成甲酸/甲酸，甲醇和二甲醚的方法的最新进展进行了全面回顾，其中特别强调了热力学和催化剂设计方面的考虑。在介绍了开发此类工艺的主要动机之后，我们首先总结了CO ₂捕集和生产H _2的绿色路线的最重要方面。一旦介绍了有关原料的场景，我们就会仔细总结用于这些重要氢化反应的非均相催化剂的开发最新技术。最后，试图给出有关CO ₂的数量级 评估价格时，我们会严格评估甲醇和DME生产的经济方面，并概述未来的研发方向。