The DNA double helix has been called one of life's most elegant structures, largely because of its universality, simplicity, and symmetry. The expression of information encoded within DNA, however, can be far from simple or symmetric and is sometimes surprisingly variable, convoluted, and wantonly inefficient. Although exceptions to the rules exist in certain model systems, the true extent to which life has stretched the limits of gene expression is made clear by nonmodel systems, particularly protists (microbial eukaryotes). The nuclear and organelle genomes of protists are subject to the most tangled forms of gene expression yet identified. The complicated and extravagant picture of the underlying genetics of eukaryotic microbial life changes how we think about the flow of genetic information and the evolutionary processes shaping it. Here, we discuss the origins, diversity, and growing interest in noncanonical protist gene expression and its relationship to genomic architecture.

中文翻译：

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生物主义者与基因表达的狂野西部：新的边界，无法无天和错位

DNA双螺旋结构被称为生命中最优雅的结构之一，这在很大程度上是由于其普遍性，简单性和对称性。然而，DNA内编码信息的表达可能远非简单或对称，有时会出乎意料地可变，令人费解且大为低效。尽管在某些模型系统中存在规则的例外情况，但非模型系统（特别是原生生物（微生物真核生物））清楚地表明了生命延长基因表达极限的真正程度。原生生物的核和细胞器基因组受到目前尚未确定的最复杂的基因表达形式的影响。真核微生物生活的基础遗传学的复杂而奢侈的图景，改变了我们对遗传信息流及其形成过程的进化过程的看法。这里，