A rapidly expanding area of research in materials science involves the development of routes to complex 3D structures with feature sizes in the mesoscopic range (that is, between tens of nanometres and hundreds of micrometres). A goal is to establish methods for controlling the properties of materials systems and the function of devices constructed with them, not only through chemistry and morphology, but also through 3D architectures. The resulting systems, sometimes referred to as metamaterials, offer engineered behaviours with optical, thermal, acoustic, mechanical and electronic properties that do not occur in the natural world. Impressive advances in 3D printing techniques represent some of the most broadly recognized developments in this field, but recent successes with strategies based on concepts in origami, kirigami and deterministic assembly provide additional, unique options in 3D design and high-performance materials. In this Review, we highlight the latest progress and trends in methods for fabricating 3D mesostructures, beginning with the development of advanced material inks for nozzle-based approaches to 3D printing and new schemes for 3D optical patterning. In subsequent sections, we summarize more recent methods based on folding, rolling and mechanical assembly, including their application with materials such as designer hydrogels, monocrystalline inorganic semiconductors and graphene.

材料科学领域的快速发展涉及到复杂的3D结构的开发，这些结构的特征尺寸在介观范围内（即几十纳米到几百微米之间）。一个目标是建立一种方法，不仅通过化学和形态，而且通过3D架构，来控制材料系统的特性和用其构建的设备的功能。由此产生的系统（有时称为超材料）提供具有自然界中不存在的光学，热，声，机械和电子特性的工程特性。3D打印技术令人印象深刻的进步代表了该领域中一些最广为人知的发展，但是基于折纸概念的策略在近期取得了成功，kirigami和确定性装配为3D设计和高性能材料提供了额外的独特选择。在这篇评论中，我们重点介绍了3D介观结构制造方法的最新进展和趋势，首先是针对基于喷嘴的3D打印方法的先进材料油墨的开发以及3D光学图案化的新方案的开发。在随后的部分中，我们总结了基于折叠，卷制和机械组装的最新方法，包括其在诸如设计师水凝胶，单晶无机半导体和石墨烯等材料中的应用。从开发用于喷嘴的3D打印方法的高级材料墨水和3D光学图案化的新方案开始。在随后的部分中，我们总结了基于折叠，卷制和机械组装的最新方法，包括其在诸如设计师水凝胶，单晶无机半导体和石墨烯等材料中的应用。从开发用于喷嘴的3D打印方法的高级材料墨水和3D光学图案化的新方案开始。在随后的部分中，我们总结了基于折叠，卷制和机械组装的最新方法，包括其在诸如设计师水凝胶，单晶无机半导体和石墨烯等材料中的应用。