Glucose and fructose metabolism originates the highly reactive byproduct methylglyoxal (MG), which is a strong precursor of advanced glycation end products (AGE). The MG has been implicated in classical diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, but has also been recently associated with cardiovascular diseases and central nervous system disorders such as cerebrovascular diseases and dementia. Recent studies even suggested its involvement in insulin resistance and beta‐cell dysfunction, contributing to the early development of type 2 diabetes and creating a vicious circle between glycation and hyperglycemia. Despite several drugs and natural compounds have been identified in the last years in order to scavenge MG and inhibit AGE formation, we are still far from having an effective strategy to prevent MG‐induced mechanisms. This review summarizes the endogenous and exogenous sources of MG, also addressing the current controversy about the importance of exogenous MG sources. The mechanisms by which MG changes cell behavior and its involvement in type 2 diabetes development and complications and the pathophysiological implication are also summarized. Particular emphasis will be given to pathophysiological relevance of studies using higher MG doses, which may have produced biased results. Finally, we also overview the current knowledge about detoxification strategies, including modulation of endogenous enzymatic systems and exogenous compounds able to inhibit MG effects on biological systems.

中文翻译：

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甲基乙二醛代谢紊乱：事实，神话和诺言。

葡萄糖和果糖代谢起源于高反应性副产物甲基乙二醛（MG），它是高级糖基化终产物（AGE）的强大前体。MG与经典的糖尿病并发症有关，例如视网膜病，肾病和神经病，但最近还与心血管疾病和中枢神经系统疾病如脑血管疾病和痴呆症有关。最近的研究甚至表明其参与胰岛素抵抗和β细胞功能障碍，导致2型糖尿病的早期发展，并在糖化和高血糖之间形成恶性循环。尽管最近几年已经发现了几种药物和天然化合物，以清除MG和抑制AGE的形成，我们仍然没有有效的策略来预防MG诱导的机制。这篇综述总结了MG的内源性和外源性来源，也解决了有关外源性MG源的重要性的当前争议。还总结了MG改变细胞行为的机制及其在2型糖尿病发展和并发症中的参与以及病理生理学意义。将特别强调使用较高MG剂量的研究的病理生理相关性，这可能产生了有偏见的结果。最后，我们还概述了有关排毒策略的当前知识，包括调节内源酶系统和能够抑制MG对生物系统影响的外源化合物。还解决了有关外源性MG来源的重要性的当前争议。还总结了MG改变细胞行为的机制及其在2型糖尿病发展和并发症中的参与以及病理生理学意义。将特别强调使用较高MG剂量的研究的病理生理相关性，这可能产生了有偏见的结果。最后，我们还概述了有关排毒策略的当前知识，包括调节内源性酶系统和能够抑制MG对生物系统影响的外源性化合物。还解决了有关外源性MG来源的重要性的当前争议。还总结了MG改变细胞行为的机制及其在2型糖尿病发展和并发症中的参与以及病理生理学意义。将特别强调使用较高MG剂量的研究的病理生理相关性，这可能产生了有偏见的结果。最后，我们还概述了有关排毒策略的当前知识，包括调节内源酶系统和能够抑制MG对生物系统影响的外源化合物。将特别强调使用较高MG剂量的研究的病理生理相关性，这可能产生了有偏见的结果。最后，我们还概述了有关排毒策略的当前知识，包括调节内源酶系统和能够抑制MG对生物系统影响的外源化合物。将特别强调使用较高MG剂量的研究的病理生理相关性，这可能产生了有偏见的结果。最后，我们还概述了有关排毒策略的当前知识，包括调节内源酶系统和能够抑制MG对生物系统影响的外源化合物。