研究领域

Physical

Atmospheric aerosol particles (with a size range of a few nanometers to tens of micrometers) are key components in the climate system and are associated with respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases. In both areas the chemical composition and reactivity of aerosol particles are important. Our research activities include: Analysis of the composition of organic aerosols About 30-50% of atmospheric aerosol particles are composed of organic material. The chemical composition, formation pathways, and reactions of this organic material are poorly characterised. To gain more detailed insights into the chemical composition of organic aerosols, we are using a number of state-of-the-art analytical-chemical techniques, including ultra- high resolution mass spectrometry, NMR and chromatographic methods. Changes in the organic composition of the aerosols due to atmospheric oxidation reactions are investigated, and the corresponding changes in the climate forcing and toxicity of the aerosol are explored. We are generating and reacting aerosol particles in laboratory experiments or analyse particles collected from the ambient atmosphere. The emphasis of these analyses is currently on elucidating the role of the recently discovered high molecular weight organic oligomers and humic-like substances that are often found in atmospheric aerosol. (a) Mass spectrum (MS) of organic aerosol particles, generated and oxidized in a laboratory set-up. Hundreds of small oligomers are generated with masses up to 1000 m/z (Kalberer et al., Science, 2004). (b) If measured with a high resolution mass spectrometer, the elemental composition of all compounds in a MS can be determined. The oxygen to carbon atom ratios are shown here for all higher molecular weight compounds in the MS of another laboratory aerosols sample (dots represent peaks in the original MS), which allows the deduction of possible formation mechanisms and structures of oligomers and monomers (Reinhardt et al., Anal.Chem., 2007). Development of analytical-chemical instrumentation To advance our knowledge of the chemical composition of aerosols novel analytical methods and instrumentation are required. Recently we have introduced a number of new analytical techniques to the field of atmospheric sciences, most notable in the field of mass spectrometry. We are currently developing analytical methods and instruments to identify and quantify the components of aerosol that are relevant to human health effects. Interactions of aerosol particles with the lung Epidemiological studies have shown correlations between aerosol particle exposure and a range of adverse health effects. However, the interaction of particles with the lung, the main pathway of undesired particle uptake, are not well known and a mechanistic understanding of particle effects in lung cells is lacking. We recently built a particle deposition chamber, which allows for an accurate deposition of nanometer sized aerosol particles on lung cell cultures mimicking accurately the in vivo physiological conditions. In collaboration with cell biologists and toxicologists we are investigating the effects of particle composition and particle source on the biochemical and physiological responses of lung cells.

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The Molecular Identification of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere: State of the Art and Challenges. B Nozière, M Kalberer, M Claeys, J Allan, B D'Anna, S Decesari, E Finessi, M Glasius, I Grgić, JF Hamilton, T Hoffmann, Y Iinuma, M Jaoui, A Kahnt, CJ Kampf, I Kourtchev, W Maenhaut, N Marsden, S Saarikoski, J Schnelle-Kreis, JD Surratt, S Szidat, R Szmigielski, A Wisthaler – Chem Rev (2015) 150203102816008 (DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485) Rapid interrogation of the physical and chemical characteristics of salbutamol sulphate aerosol from a pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI). HJ Tong, C Fitzgerald, PJ Gallimore, M Kalberer, MK Kuimova, PC Seville, AD Ward, FD Pope – Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) (2014) 50, 15499 (DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05803h) Heterogeneous interaction of SiO2 with N2O5: aerosol flow tube and single particle optical levitation-Raman spectroscopy studies. MJ Tang, JC Camp, L Rkiouak, J McGregor, IM Watson, RA Cox, M Kalberer, AD Ward, FD Pope – The journal of physical chemistry. A (2014) 118, 8817 (DOI: 10.1021/jp506753c) Optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy of solid particles. L Rkiouak, MJ Tang, JC Camp, J McGregor, IM Watson, RA Cox, M Kalberer, AD Ward, FD Pope – Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP (2014) 16, 11426 (DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00994k) Nano Aerosol Chamber for In-Vitro Toxicity (NACIVT) studies. N Jeannet, M Fierz, M Kalberer, H Burtscher, M Geiser – Nanotoxicology (2014) 1 (DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.886739) Comparison of on-line and off-line methods to quantify reactive oxygen species (ROS) in atmospheric aerosols. SJ Fuller, FPH Wragg, J Nutter, M Kalberer – Atmospheric Environment (2014) 92, 97 (DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.006) Compilation and evaluation of gas phase diffusion coefficients of reactive trace gases in the atmosphere: Volume 1. Inorganic compounds. MJ Tang, RA Cox, M Kalberer – Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014) 14, 9233 (DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-9233-2014) Effects of anthropogenic emissions on the molecular composition of urban organic aerosols: An ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry study. I Kourtchev, IP O'Connor, C Giorio, SJ Fuller, K Kristensen, W Maenhaut, JC Wenger, JR Sodeau, M Glasius, M Kalberer – Atmospheric Environment (2014) 89, 525 (DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.051) Erratum: Heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with airborne TiO2 particles and its implication for stratospheric particle injection( Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014) 14 (6035-6048)). MJ Tang, PJ Telford, FD Pope, L Rkiouak, NL Abraham, AT Archibald, P Braesicke, JA Pyle, J McGregor, IM Watson, RA Cox, M Kalberer – Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014) 14, 8233 (DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-8233-2014) Heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with airborne TiO2 particles and its implication for stratospheric particle injection. MJ Tang, PJ Telford, FD Pope, L Rkiouak, NL Abraham, AT Archibald, P Braesicke, JA Pyle, J McGregor, IM Watson, RA Cox, M Kalberer – Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014) 14, 6035 (DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-6035-2014) Heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with airborne TiO2 particles and its implication for stratospheric particle injection. MJ Tang, PJ Telford, FD Pope, L Rkiouak, NL Abraham, AT Archibald, P Braesicke, JA Pyle, J McGregor, IM Watson, RA Cox, M Kalberer – Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014) 14, 6035 (DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-6035-2014) Molecular composition of biogenic secondary organic aerosols using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry: Comparing laboratory and field studies. I Kourtchev, SJ Fuller, C Giorio, RM Healy, E Wilson, I O'Connor, JC Wenger, M McLeod, J Aalto, TM Ruuskanen, W Maenhaut, R Jones, DS Venables, JR Sodeau, M Kulmala, M Kalberer – Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014) 14, 2155 (DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2155-2014) Two-stroke scooters are a dominant source of air pollution in many cities. SM Platt, IE Haddad, SM Pieber, RJ Huang, AA Zardini, M Clairotte, R Suarez-Bertoa, P Barmet, L Pfaffenberger, R Wolf, JG Slowik, SJ Fuller, M Kalberer, R Chirico, J Dommen, C Astorga, R Zimmermann, N Marchand, S Hellebust, B Temime-Roussel, U Baltensperger, AS Prévôt – Nature Communications (2014) 5, 3749 (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4749) Characterizing an Extractive Electrospray Ionization (EESI) Source for the Online Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Organic Aerosols. PJ Gallimore, M Kalberer – Environ Sci Technol (2013) 47, 130614063343007 (DOI: 10.1021/es305199h) EFFECTS OF SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOLS FROM GASOLINE EXHAUST ON HEALTHY AND DISEASED RESPIRATORY EPITHELIA. L Kuenzi, J Dommen, N Daher, M Krapf, S Schneider, N Jeannet, S Platt, J Slowik, ASH Prevot, M Kalberer, U Baltensperger, C Sioutas, M Geiser – JOURNAL OF AEROSOL MEDICINE AND PULMONARY DRUG DELIVERY (2013) 26, A64 Molecular Composition of Boreal Forest Aerosol from Hyytiala, Finland, Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry. I Kourtchev, S Fuller, J Aalto, TM Ruuskanen, MW McLeod, W Maenhaut, R Jones, M Kulmala, M Kalberer – Environ Sci Technol (2013) 47, 4069 (DOI: 10.1021/es3051636) A compact and portable deposition chamber to study nanoparticles in air-exposed tissue. P Mertes, AP Praplan, L Künzi, J Dommen, U Baltensperger, M Geiser, E Weingartner, J Ricka, M Fierz, M Kalberer – Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery (2013) 26, 228 (DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2012.0985) Fluorescent lifetime imaging of atmospheric aerosols: a direct probe of aerosol viscosity. NA Hosny, C Fitzgerald, C Tong, M Kalberer, MK Kuimova, FD Pope – Faraday Discussions (2013) 165, 343 (DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00041a) Responses of lung cells to realistic exposure of primary and aged carbonaceous aerosols. L Künzi, P Mertes, S Schneider, N Jeannet, C Menzi, J Dommen, U Baltensperger, ASH Prévôt, M Salathe, M Kalberer, M Geiser – Atmospheric Environment (2013) 68, 143 (DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.055) Organosulfates in humic-like substance fraction isolated from aerosols at seven locations in East Asia: A study by ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. P Lin, JZ Yu, G Engling, M Kalberer – Environ Sci Technol (2012) 46, 13118 (DOI: 10.1021/es303570v)