Biology of Sex Differences is unlike any other scientific journal: articles focus on sex differences in all aspects of an individual or organism. Everything from molecules to behavior and from studies of cellular function to clinical research studies are reported in this journal. Biology of Sex Differences aims to improve understanding of basic biological principles mediating sex differences and foster development of therapeutic and diagnostic tools that are sex-dependent. To the extent that gender influences biological outcomes, this journal also is interested in research addressing gender differences. Articles are expected to report results that directly compare sex/gender differences in the statistical analysis.

Biology of Sex Differences addresses a broad audience of readers. Articles are expected to report and discuss their findings using language that is accessible to non-specialists in the field, please minimize discipline-specific jargon. The Title and Abstract should be understandable to non-specialists. The novelty of the findings should be clear to all readers, non-experts as well as experts. To this end the use of abbreviations should also be kept to a minimum. We now require a Plain English summary in addition to the Abstract.

Studies that investigate a mechanism or system mediating sex differences are a priority for consideration in Biology of Sex Differences. Manuscripts reporting an observed sex differences that do not test a well-argued specific hypothesis, or are reporting results in a limited population or a specific animal model, are less likely to be considered of interest to our readers. Articles that report or review research that integrates information across topic areas are welcome.

Topical areas of research include, but are not limited to, the biology of sex differences in:

•    Addiction
•    Aging
•    Cancer
•    Cardiovascular Disease
•    Clinical Disorders and Treatments
•    Development
•    Immunology
•    Infectious Disease
•    Environmental Health Exposures
•    Genetics/Epigenetics
•    Mental Health
•    Metabolism/Diabetes
•    Microbiome
•    Musculoskeletal System
•    Neurodegeneration
•    Neuroendocrinology
•    Neurology
•    Neuroscience
•    Nutrition
•    Physiology
•    Pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes
•    Menopause/Andropause
•    Respiratory health and Disease
•    Stress
•    Systems Biology 

This open access Springer Nature journal is the highly respected journal of the Organization for the Study of Sex Differences, and is co-published with the Society for Women’s Health Research.For further information about the material covered by Biology of Sex Differences, please see our “Submissions Guideline” below and to view details of our Editorial Board Members, please visit the “Editorial Board” page.

Commentary
Database
Research
Review

Editor-in-Chief
Jane F Reckelhoff, University of Mississippi Medical Center, US
Founding Editor
Arthur Arnold, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Associate Editors
Barbara T Alexander, University of Mississippi, USA
Kate Denton, Monash University, Australia
Vesna Garovic, Mayo Clinic at Rochester, USA
Radu Iliescu, Grigore T. Popa University, Romania
Georgios Kararigas, Charité University Hospital, Germany
Editorial Board 
Tracy Bale, University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
Jill Becker, University of Michigan, USA
Sarah Berga, Wake Forest School of Medicine, USA
Carolyn Brown, University of British Columbia, Canada 
Rita Cantor, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Katrina M Mirabito Colafella, Monash University, Australia
Rebecca Cunningham, University of North Texas Health Science Center, USA
Sandra Davidge, University of Alberta, Canada
Hester Den Ruijter, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
Christine Disteche, University of Washington, USA
Stephen Franks, Imperial College, UK
Justin Grobe, University of Iowa, USA
Allan Herbison, Otago University, New Zealand 
S. Ananth Karumanchi, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, USA
Sabra Klein, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Babette LaMarca, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
Sarah Lindsey, Tulane University, USA
Robin Lovell-Badge, The Crick Institute, UK
Aldons Lusis, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Jeanette Magnus, Medical School University of Oslo, Norway 
Franck Mauvais-Jarvis, Tulane University, USA
Alicia McDonough, University of Southern California, USA
Virginia M Miller, Mayo Clinic, USA
Jeffrey Mogil, McGill University, Canada 
Ken Morohashi, Kyushu University, Japan 
Giancarlo Panzica, University of Turin, Italy
Minolfa Prieto, Tulane University, USA
Wolfgang Sadee, Ohio State University, USA
Kathryn Sandberg, Georgetown University, USA
Jennifer Sasser, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
Karin Schenck-Gustafsson, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
Andrew Sinclair, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia 
James Sowers, University of Missouri School of Medicine, USA
Yolanda R Smith, University of Michigan, USA
Nina Stachenfeld, Yale University, USA
Jennifer Sullivan, Augusta University, USA
Eric Vilain, Children's National Medical Center, USA
Kim Wallen, Emory University, USA
Megan Wenner, University of Delaware, USA
Licy Yanes Cardozo, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
Kristen Zuloaga, Albany Medical College, USA