BACKGROUND Cold exposure impairs physical performance, with the severity of degradation depending on the degree of cold strain. Thresholds for impairment and non-invasive biomarkers to identify changes have yet to be identified. Therefore, this study examines the effects of cold exposure on physical performance, thermoregulation, salivary biomarkers, and the effects of a short-period of rewarming.

OBJECTIVE This study systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials investigating the impact of exercise therapy on muscle strength, redox balance, and inflammatory profile in individuals with Down Syndrome. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data SourcesCochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, and PEDro

INTRODUCTION A systematic approach to collecting and reporting injury data in military settings is necessary to maximize the impact of musculoskeletal injury-related research. An international consensus on recommended core data set of elements to capture and report is necessary. The purpose was to summarize the process and results from an international consensus study to establish recommended common

PURPOSE Electromyography (EMG) is commonly used to inform exercise selection for injury prevention and rehabilitation. However, mechanical tension is more important for driving adaptation than muscle activation alone. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ranking hip-focused exercises based on the magnitude of gluteal surface EMG compared to estimates of muscle forces and the implications

INTRODUCTION Excessive increases in body temperature impair voluntary force production and neuromuscular function, but the underlying central mechanisms remain unclear. PURPOSE We investigated the effect of hyperthermia on neural activity associated with motor preparation using electroencephalographic event-related potentials (EEG-ERPs). METHODS Two stimulus presentation methods were used: movement-related

PURPOSE Force-velocity (FV) profiling is a tool for classifying athletes as force- or velocity-deficient, allowing for tailored training prescriptions. However, profiling classification may vary depending on the measurement method used. This study compared FV profile variables derived from countermovement jumps (CMJs) using four approaches: the Flight-time method, a Kinetic method, and two Kinematic

METHODS Forty-two young, resistance-trained men and women were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 parallel groups: A group that trained to failure on all exercises (FAIL) or a submaximal effort group (2-RIR) that trained with two repetitions in reserve for the same exercises. Participants performed a single set of 9 exercises targeting all major muscle groups per session, twice weekly for 8 weeks. We assessed

OBJECTIVES In type 1 diabetes, glycemia management is rendered complex through the confounding influence of spontaneous physical activity (PA), particularly frequent in children. We aim to understand the glycemic effects of self-reported PA and cumulative spontaneous PA in their everyday life, controlling for carbohydrate intake and insulin. METHODS In this 7-day observational study, 45 children/adolescents

PURPOSE Cold-water immersion lowers muscle protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery. Whether this effect can be explained by lower muscle microvascular perfusion and a subsequent decline in post-prandial amino acid incorporation into muscle tissue following cooling is currently unknown. METHODS Twelve young males (24 ± 4 y) performed a single resistance exercise session followed by water

PURPOSE Studies on heat acclimation (HA) involving high-intensity exercise report impairments in time trial (TT) performance in the heat immediately after HA. This study aimed to determine whether a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet can enhance 3.22 km run TT performance in the heat following exercise-intensive short-term HA. METHODS Fourteen healthy military-age males were assigned to either a HC diet (70

PURPOSE It is recognized that disruptions in circadian behavior, such as with shift work or jet lag, are associated with diminished health. This known relationship implies that people with stronger indices of circadian behavior will exhibit improved physiology. To address the association between rhythmic activity behavior and physiology we proposed that metrics indicative of 'more rhythmic' rest-activity

The Team Physician Consensus Statement delineates qualifications, duties, and responsibilities of the team physician and provides guidelines to individuals and organizations in selecting team physicians. These delineations and guidelines provide a foundation for best practices in the medical care of athletes and teams. The team physician's education, training, and experience uniquely qualify them to

PURPOSE Dynamic apnea with fins (DYN) involves swimming the longest distance relying solely on the body's oxygen and anaerobic energy stores. The energy cost per unit distance (C) is therefore an important determinant of DYN performance, yet it has never been measured. This study aimed to assess the C of DYN and its aerobic (EO 2 ), anaerobic lactic (ELa) and alactic (EPCr) energy contributions. METHODS

Purpose: Optimal performance in military tasks is crucial for operation success. These tasks are often simulated in training, assessing personnel performance within a military environment. However, these assessments are time-consuming and an injury risk. Physical characteristics such as muscular strength, power, aerobic endurance, and circumferences can be used to predict these dynamic and demanding

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of sequential vs simultaneous introduction of nutrition and exercise behaviour intervention strategies at preventing early or late excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG). METHODS Parallel group randomised trial at a single centre (London, Canada) included 84 healthy pregnant individuals (mean age: 32.4 ± 3.4 years; pre-pregnancy body mass index: 26.0 ± 5.1

INTRODUCTION This study examined the potential of a device agnostic approach for predicting physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) from research grade and consumer wearable accelerometry and heartrate (HR) raw data compared to indirect calorimetry in children. METHODS Two-hundred and thirty-one 5-12-year-olds (52.4% male) of diverse skin tone and body weights participated in a 60-minute protocol

BACKGROUND Protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS) to support the turnover of skeletal muscle protein mass. However, dietary patterns consist of a variety of protein foods with different amino acid compositions consumed at multiple meal-times throughout the day. Omnivorous (OMN) and vegan (VGN) dietary patterns may differentially stimulate MPS. Moreover, the distribution and

PURPOSE This study aimed to 1) describe perinatal changes of physical activity (PA), physical fitness (PF), and body composition (BC) and 2) investigate prospective associations between PA and PF, and between PF and BC in metabolically high-risk women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS This secondary analysis of the MySweetheart trial included 211 women with GDM. Outcomes were measured

OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the improvement of aged skeletal muscle atrophy by High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) combined with glycine supplementation. METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice aged 19 months (n = 16) were randomly assigned to Old Sedentary (OSED), HIIT, OSED+Glycine (O-Gly), and HIIT+Glycine (H-Gly) groups for an 8-week intervention. Maximum grip strength

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Adjusting running style can influence musculoskeletal loading, thereby altering injury risk. Duty factor, defined as the ratio of contact time to stride time, along with stride frequency, have been linked to peak loading in previous studies, though their specific influences remain unclear. This study elucidates how duty factor and stride frequency, both individually and in tandem

PURPOSE Most studies applying repeated neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to assess intrinsic contractile properties employ frequencies considerably greater than the mean motor unit discharge rate (MUDR) for a given force level. It is hypothesized that force loss increases with stimulation frequency, but this has not been evaluated in the same pool of participants when other parameters are

PURPOSE Many elite road-race cyclists have low areal bone mineral density (aBMD) as previously shown by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, aBMD provides limited insight into bone quality. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess volumetric BMD (vBMD), bone microarchitecture, and bone strength in elite road-race cyclists using high-resolution peripheral computed tomography

METHODS PA and sedentary behavior were measured in an observational cohort of 30 participants (19.6 ± 4.9 years old, 66.7% female) using a 3-axis accelerometer before (Pre-Op) and at two, four and six months after ACL reconstruction. Daily steps, daily minutes of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and percentage of wake time in sedentary behavior (%SED) were measured. Two-by-four (sex-by-time) repeated

PURPOSE Previous work showed altered mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon in the presence of tendinopathy, considering the Achilles tendon as a homogeneous structure with the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) subtendon representative of it. However, the Achilles tendon consists of three semi-independent structures: the GM, gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and soleus (SOL) subtendons, each independently

INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a quarter of the global population and poses a remarkably serious threat to human health. OBJECTIVES The effect and potential molecular mechanisms of combined cold exposure and exercise intervention on NAFLD remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS A high-fat diet-induced NAFLD mouse model was utilized. Twenty-four NAFLD mice were divided

Purpose: Stationary cycling is essential in rehabilitation programs for various patient groups, such as knee osteoarthritis and cruciate ligament injuries and reconstruction. The study aimed to measure in vivo the 3D rigid-body and articular surface kinematics of the knee and the patellar tendon orientations during stationary cycling and isolated flexion-extension exercise in healthy young adults using

PURPOSE To examine central and peripheral physiological adaptations contributing to increases in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) following a 12-week of vigorous endurance exercise program in healthy, older and young adults. METHODS Fourteen participants (7 older: 68 ± 7 years and 7 young: 26 ± 7 years; 9 males and 5 females) engaged in a cycling training program 3 times/week for 45 min at ~70%V̇O2max

PURPOSE This study compared the physiological effects of a moderate-intensity interval training (MIT) microcycle followed by an active recovery period (collectively termed MITblock) with a time-matched regular training period (REG) during the general preparation phase in well-trained cyclists. METHODS Using a randomized crossover design, 30 well-trained male cyclists (maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)

PURPOSE Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has been shown to improve skeletal muscle contractile function and reduce fatigue, potentially due to alterations in skeletal muscle Ca2+ handling/sensitivity. Since aging muscle can have impaired Ca2+ handling, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of dietary NO3- supplementation on muscle contractile properties in young and older adults. METHODS

PURPOSE We sought to evaluate the effect of intensive physical training on left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic forces (HDF) in athletes. METHODS Forty professional endurance athletes were evaluated at the beginning of their training cycle (off-season) and after a period of aerobic isotonic dynamic exercise (peak training period) using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Images were analyzed off-line using

PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of a 6-week eccentrically-biased training intervention between Romanian deadlift (RDL) and Nordic hamstring exercises (NHE) on regional hamstring muscle architecture and morphology. METHODS Participants were randomly allocated to an RDL or NHE intervention group and trained twice per week for 6 weeks followed by a 2-week detraining period. Biceps femoris

PURPOSE The cardiometabolic benefits of replacing sedentary time with light-intensity physical activity (LIPA) are unclear. We studied the associations of hypothetically reallocating sedentary time towards LIPA with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors using thigh-worn accelerometery. We also explored whether reallocation effects differed across subgroups with low, moderate, and high sedentary time

With the increasing implementation of oncology-based exercise rehabilitation, there is a need for normative strength values specific to the cancer population. Purpose: Propose muscular strength normative data tables for the cancer population and observe the effects of exercise training on categorical placement. Methods: Data from cancer survivors (n = 659) encompassing various cancer types across all

PURPOSE to investigate whether muscle excitation during constant-work rate (WR) cycling is connected with total[Hb + Mb] and interact with oxygen uptake (V̇O2) dynamics. METHODS Experiment 1: ten participants performed a 21-min constant-WR (CWR) within the heavy-intensity domain (i.e., 75% of the difference between the gas exchange threshold and the maximal metabolic steady state), and a ramp-to-constant-WR

PURPOSE Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) women in the United States exhibit higher prevalence and mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) women. Previous studies in NHB men have demonstrated impaired vascular function at rest and during exercise; however, to date, no studies have investigated the hyperemic responses during exercise in NHB women. Therefore, we tested

PURPOSE This study characterized central and peripheral adaptations to domain-specific endurance exercise training. METHODS Eighty-four young healthy participants were randomly assigned to age- and sex-matched groups of: continuous cycling in the 1) moderate (MOD)-, 2) lower heavy (HVY1)-, and 3) upper heavy-intensity (HVY2)- domain; interval cycling in the 4) severe-intensity domain (i.e., high-intensity

PURPOSE Following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), individuals present with significant and persistent deficits in surgical knee biomechanics during running. Little is known regarding the role of the hip and ankle in compensating for these knee-specific deficits. The purpose of this study was to characterize how limb (surgical and non-surgical), time post-operatively (3.5-7 months

Purpose. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Over the past decades, numerous studies have suggested that exercise can mitigate neurodegenerative processes by improving mitochondrial function. Recently, we demonstrated that exercise could reverse hippocampus-associated memory deficits and

INTRODUCTION Subthreshold depression represents a prodromal stage of major depressive disorder and may be associated with abnormalities in brain structural and functional networks. While studies have shown that mind-body exercises such as Tai Chi can alleviate subthreshold depression, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of Tai Chi

PURPOSE Although physical activity (PA) has the potential to prevent iatrogenic disability, it is rarely integrated into usual care. We evaluated whether MATCH, a pragmatic unsupervised exercise intervention, could help prevent physical and functional decline in hospitalized older adults. METHODS A quasi-randomized trial (ClinicalTrials #NCT04078334) was conducted involving 100 hospitalized patients

PURPOSE Burn survivors have an increased risk for heat related illnesses, and a heightened perceptual strain during exercise (thereby impeding physical activity), both due to impaired body temperature regulation. We developed and validated a freely deployed online model that burn survivors can use to estimate their heat risk during physical activity. METHODS Model inputs included environmental conditions

PURPOSE Locomotor high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve walking capacity (speed and endurance) more than moderate-intensity aerobic training (MAT) after stroke, but it is unclear which training parameter(s) should be prioritized (e.g. speed, heart rate, blood lactate, step count) and to what extent walking capacity gains are the result of gait changes versus cardiorespiratory

PURPOSE To determine fat oxidation values during a graded cyclo-ergometer exercise in pre-pubertal children considering cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body size based on obesity status and sex. Moreover, to elucidate whether body mass index (BMI) or fat accumulation mediate the relationship between CRF and fat oxidation. METHODS We evaluated 118 pre-pubertal children (59 girls) aged 11.5 ± 2.0

PURPOSE The application of horizontal resistance is key in sprint training to modulate velocity and promote adaptations. However, the interaction between velocity and resistance on muscle excitation remains insufficiently studied. This study assessed the electromyographic (EMG) activity of thigh and gluteal muscles in response to varying velocity and resistance during sprinting. METHODS Thirty-seven

INTRODUCTION Strength training improves running economy (RE) in a non-fatigued state and performance after prolonged exercise at moderate intensity. However, it is unknown if strength training improves RE durability at marathon race intensity, or high-intensity performance akin to the final stages of a competitive race. This study quantified the effect of a supplementary 10-week strength training program

PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate whether a lung volume-dependent decrease in the projected frontal area (PFA) contributes to reducing active drag in the front crawl. METHODS Twelve competitive male swimmers performed a 15 m front crawl at 1.20 m·s-1 while sustaining one of three lung volume levels: maximal inspiration (INSP), maximal expiration (EXP), or intermediate (MID). The three-dimensional

AIMS Middle-aged and older male athletes have more coronary atherosclerosis than less active peers. We aimed to explore mechanisms that can contribute to this accelerated coronary atherosclerosis by comparing exercise-induced changes in hemodynamic factors, circulating hormones, electrolytes, and inflammatory markers across athletes with and without coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS 59 male athletes

PURPOSE This study evaluated whether recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) treatment combined with hypoxia provided an additive effect on hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and V̇O2peak compared to altitude or rhEpo alone. METHODS 39 participants underwent two interventions, each containing 4 weeks baseline (PRE 1-4), 4 weeks exposure at sea level or 2,320 m of altitude (INT 1-4), and 4 weeks follow-up (POST

PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the relationship of physical activity levels on white matter volume in post-9/11 Veterans. METHODS The study consisted of post-9/11 Veterans enrolled in the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) longitudinal study at VA Boston Healthcare System. Participants were retrospectively categorized into two groups: a Vigorous group of Veterans

PURPOSE This study investigates the intra- and inter-individual time courses of physiological adaptation to high-intensity interval training (HIIT), comparing single and duplicate pre-to-post testing with session-by-session analysis to more accurately identify "genuine" adaptations. METHODS Seventeen participants (nine men) engaged in repeated 4x4 min HIIT sessions (2 times/week) until a meaningful

PURPOSE Substrate metabolism during exercise may vary across the menstrual cycle (MC) phases, likely due to estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). This study examined substrate metabolism during exercise in naturally menstruating (NoOC, n = 34) and women using combined oral contraceptives (COC, n = 19). METHODS Participants were measured in a fasted state in the follicular (FOL) and luteal (LUT) phases

PURPOSE To examine the incidence of injuries among different menstrual phases in eumenorrheic cycles and abnormal menstrual cycles in female athletes. METHODS This prospective cohort study recruited female athletes involved in collegiate, semi-professional, or professional team sports. Participating athletes self-reported their menstruation during the follow-up period. Menstrual cycles were classified

BACKGROUND Both insufficient physical activity (PA) and excess body weight are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and PA is closely related to body weight. However, it remains unclear whether PA modifies or mediates the association of body mass index (BMI) with CVD. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 35,406 adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition

PURPOSE Exercise is widely recognized for providing numerous benefits to prostate cancer (PCa) survivors. Numerous preclinical studies have investigated the role of exercise on tumor progression, but results are often controversial, largely due to variations in experimental protocols. METHODS In this study, the comprehensive effects of exercise on PCa were evaluated with two different aerobic exercises

PURPOSE Stress is a risk factor for psychiatric illnesses. However, not all individuals exposed to stress will develop affective disorders. We examined whether pretreatment with stress-free voluntary wheel running (VWR) exercise prophylactically enhances stress resilience in rodents and how it can effectively prevent the development of depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. METHODS Eight-week-old

PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare performance and physiological effects, and inter-individual response variation in performance and its physiological determinants between heart rate-based (HR), race pace-based (RP) and heart rate variability-based (HRV) training prescription approaches in recreational distance runners. METHODS Twenty-eight participants completed a 6-week endurance

INTRODUCTION The relationship between cognitive tasks and physical performance has garnered significant attention, with evidence suggesting that cognitive effort before exercise may impair physical performance. However, recent findings challenge the robustness of this effect, necessitating a reassessment of the mechanisms linking cognitive load to physical performance. This study introduces a novel

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of heating on Achilles tendon mechanical properties (elongation, elastic energy, and hysteresis) and performance during stretch-shortening cycle exercise (pre-stretch augmentation and efficiency). METHODS Fifteen males participated in this study. Before and after heating (30 min) and non-heating (control) conditions, the mechanical properties

PURPOSE Determine the associations of body mass index (BMI) and body composition (lean and fat mass) with i) patient-reported outcomes, ii) quadriceps strength, and iii) physical performance in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) patients. METHODS Thirty-four individuals participated (56% female; 22 ± 4 years; % body fat: 22.9 ± 6.7%). Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure