The Tin Islands of Indonesia (Riau Archipelago, Bangka and Belitung) constitute the southernmost part of the SE Asian tin province. U–Pb ages of cassiterite from three granite-related tin deposits (Pemali, Selumar and Tikus) and four placer tin deposits (Penyusuk, Sadab Perlang, Gunung Mudal Sincong and Riding Panjang) on Bangka and Belitung Islands were determined by in situ LA-ICPMS U–Pb dating.

A water dry-wet (DW) cycle, triggered by water injection into coal seam, affects the pore-fracture structure (PFS) of the coal, thus changing the storage environment of coalbed methane (CBM). In order to study the effect of DW cycle on the PFS, a nuclear magnetic resonance technology (NMR) is employed to measure the PFS after different DW cycles by carrying out online loading experiments with mechanical

Forecasting violent rockbursts remains a formidable challenge due to significant uncertainties involved. One major uncertainty arises from the intermittency of rock failure processes, typically characterised by a series of progressively shorter quiescent phases punctuated by sudden accelerations, rather than a smooth continuous progression towards the final breakdown. This non-monotonic evolution of

High extraction columns are one of the newest trends emerging in block cave mining. These columns present significant benefits in terms of preparation costs. However, they are also associated with significant challenges such as high stresses, the presence of fine material, risk of dilution, and the need to modify conventional mining designs. Given these challenges, understanding the behavior of the

This study investigates lithium-caesium-tantalum (LCT) pegmatites and associated pegmatites and granites in the Varuträsk area, northern Sweden, using a mineral systems approach (i.e. source-transport-trap). The research incorporates geological mapping both regionally and underground, analysis of geological structures and host rock competency, 3D modelling, lithogeochemistry, and zircon-monazite U–Pb

Fragmentation serves as a critical blasting quality indicator in hydropower engineering, directly influencing rock extraction efficiency, operational quality, and economic costs. This study introduces a simulation method based on finite element digital sieving to address the limitations of traditional finite element methods (FEM) in predicting fragmentation. The method integrates finite element results

Granitic pegmatites are a significant source of critical metals including tin, tantalum, and most notably lithium. To meet future demand, a comprehensive exploration model is required to assist in the discovery of new hard rock deposits. Whereas recent work has largely focused on understanding the source and mineralization processes of pegmatites, the structural controls on the distribution and size

Microseismic monitoring is widely used to detect instability hazards. Specifically, the quick and effective identification of microseismic events, such as noise, explosions, and drilling activities, is critical for determining mine stability and safety. This study employed features including the mean and standard deviation of frequencies extracted by short-time Fourier transform (STFT), short-term

The enrichment efficiency of non-ferrous metals determines the purity and processing cost of the metallurgical purification. Eddy current separation is a highly anticipated one-stop enrichment technology for non-ferrous metal particles. The magnetic roller is the power source for achieving the separation of non-ferrous metal particles. Optimizing the magnetic system structure can improve the magnetic

Sustainable technologies have promoted a sharp increase in copper demand, while copper ore grades are progressively declining and a significant shortfall is predicted in the next 10 years. As copper oxide deposits become scarce hydrometallurgical facilities are prone to become inactive or underutilised in the short term, thus repurposing these plants for processing electronic waste has recently risen

The flotation separation of fluorite and calcite faces challenge due to the adsorption of dissolved F− ions on the surface of calcite to impart similar floatability as fluorite. This study utilized a novel inhibitor comprising both sodium gluconate (SG) and sodium silicate (SS) to effectively suppress the F−-activated calcite, significantly reducing its recovery from 88.1 % to 22.3 %, without affecting

The cracking during the drying process of thickened tailings stack is a critical issue impacting its stability. This study establishes a comprehensive analytical framework that encompasses both mechanism cognition and technical methodologies by systematically integrating multidimensional research findings. Research indicates that cracking results from the coupling effects of environmental parameters

Carbonatites are important sources of rare metals (e.g., REE, Nb), but are not generally considered prospective for Mo mineralization. Numerous quartz-carbonate-rich vein-type Mo-(REE) deposits and prospects of enigmatic origin extend over 200 km along an E-W belt at the southern margin of the North China Craton (S-NCC). These veins commonly contain carbonates, quartz, sulfates, K-feldspar, sulfides

Conventional rock mechanics testing faces significant limitations, including destructive testing conditions, time-intensive procedures, the inability to directly observe internal plastic zone expansion, and limited generalization capability. To overcome these challenges, this study uses granite with varying weathering grades as a case study, establishing a connection between uniaxial compressive strength

The selective separation of chalcopyrite and pyrite presents a critical challenge in froth flotation technology because of their similar surface properties. In a prior study, thiol-containing cellulose nanocrystals (thiol-CNCs) were identified as efficient biogenic chalcopyrite depressants in single mineral systems when used with the sodium isobutyl xanthate (SIBX) collector. In this study, we investigated

Particle breakage simulation in the crusher using the discrete element method (DEM) paves the way for further improvement of the crusher’s performance and has received increasing attention in recent years. Compared with the efficient spherical particle model, the polyhedral particle model can characterize the morphology of broken particles in the crusher with higher accuracy but brings about heavy

The reprocessing of historical mine tailings is gaining increasing attention as a more responsible approach to resource management and environmental remediation. However, comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical characterizations of submerged tailings remain scarce. This study provides the first detailed investigation of sulfide-rich tailings stored underwater in Hudningsvatnet Lake from the former

High-voltage pulse (HVP) has attracted significant attention as a novel crushing technology and has the potential to be applied in mineral processing industries. The existing studies mainly focused on the effects of ore characteristics and basic discharge parameters on fragmentation and rarely considered factors such as circuit structure parameters and pulse polarity. This paper discusses the development

Granite quarry waste from the “Graniti dei Laghi” plutons in Piedmont (Italy), underwent laboratory-scale beneficiation tests to optimise the concentration of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) for a potential recovery in the context of circular economy and sustainable mining. Preliminary analyses using ICP-MS, XRPD, SEM-EDS and Automated Mineralogy revealed that the magnetic waste generated during granite

During deep coal mining, the coal mass inevitably suffers damage under three-dimensional stress due to dynamic loads. This damage renders the coal highly susceptible to instability and failure under static loads, thereby posing a threat to engineering safety. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate coal affected by true triaxial dynamic damage. This study aims to elucidate the mechanical properties

Monazite, a valuable source of rare earth elements, is typically found in complex natural ore deposits, where its separation from gangue minerals such as chlorite is essential for effective mineral beneficiation. Traditional flotation techniques using single collectors often face challenges in selectively recovering monazite from such ores. Here, we show that combining two flotation collectors enhances

The challenging recovery of fine-grained target minerals limits the efficient recycling of lithium resources. This study focuses on the effects of surface dissolution behavior of fine-grained lepidolite and feldspar on flotation. By utilizing their dissolution differences under alkaline conditions at pH 11 and applying a mixed collector Dodecylamine/Sodium dodecyl sulfate (DDA/SDS) at a concentration

In blast furnaces, the burden distribution directly impacts gas flow, productivity, and energy consumption. A thorough understanding of particle behaviour during the charging process is essential for accurate design of the charging system and for control of the burden distribution, but current research on the behaviour of the particles in the whole charging system has been limited. In this study, a

With the widespread adoption of lithium-ion secondary batteries, the treatment of various lithium-containing mineral raw materials has become a significant technical challenge. The extraction of lithium and rubidium (Rb) from clay-type lithium resources, namely potash feldspar and biotite concentrates, using CaCl2 was investigated in this study. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that a mixture of

High intensity conditioning (HIC) is a highly effective strategy for enhancing the recovery of fine coal particles and is increasingly used in mineral processing. The effectiveness of HIC is influenced by several key factors, including equipment design, operational parameters, material properties, and process conditions. Fine materials have unique physical and chemical properties, such as density,

Light rare earth ions (La(III), Ce(IV), and Nd(III)) were separated from an aqueous solution using a novel water-soluble polymer phosphorylated chitosan (PCS) as complexant by shear-induced orderly dissociation coupling with ultrafiltration (SIOD-UF). The optimized pH and P/RE (mass ratio of PCS to rare earth ions) for the rejection of rare earth ions by coupling with ultrafiltration (C-UF) were investigated

Surface-level processes play a significant role during leaching. However, few studies have been devoted to studying the surface of samples as part of column leaching experiments. This study proposes a methodology to access information from the surface-level processes that occur during column leaching, aiming to aid the design of economically and environmentally sustainable heap leaching operations

The peril posed by time-delayed rockburst significantly undermines the safety of deep-buried tunnel construction and operation, with dynamic disturbance recognized as a pivotal triggering factor. Vibration monitoring of critical Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) components and surrounding rock surfaces within TBM-constructed tunnels shows that low-frequency dynamic disturbance affects the failure behavior

The development and utilization of deep earth resources have become a strategic scientific and technological issue that humanity must address. Shafts serve as the vital passage to the deep earth, and full-face shaft boring machines (SBMs) are crucial for mechanized shaft construction. In this study, the inefficiency of rock-breaking with disc cutters was investigated by analyzing the SBM's unique conical

In order to reduce the environmental pollution caused by red mud and to make full use of the valuable metal resources, a process combining sulfation roasting-water leaching and solvent extraction was proposed to recover Sc from red mud. The phase transition, leaching kinetics and the effects of roasting temperature, concentrated sulfuric acid addition, roasting time on the leaching of Sc and major

The complex tectonic history of the Mae Moh mine in Thailand created normal faults, which formed a relay ramp that controlled the failure mechanism of the massive block in the C1-west wall. Geotechnical monitoring data between 2021 and 2023 revealed that the slope deformation was predominantly influenced by mining activities and precipitations, resulting from the hydromechanical (HM) coupling process

Copper cyanide complex ions in cyanide solution of gold extraction by cyanidation will worsen the recovery of gold. Therefore, phosphate-based P204 ionic liquids (ILs) with different cationic carbon chain structures were synthesized and applied to the extraction of copper cyanide complex ions in cyanide solutions. During the extraction process, due to the self-assembly actuation by ILs, macroscopic

This study systematically investigated the adsorption performance of montmorillonite-fly ash composite particles (Mt-FA) and modified Mt-FA (OTAC/Mt-FA) with octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride for Pb2+ and butyl xanthate (BX) removal, focusing on critical experimental conditions: initial solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The results demonstrated that at pH 5 with a dosage of 4 g/L for

To address the challenge of separating ilmenite from titanaugite, the feasibility of a novel collector (2-ethylhexyl) phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEHEHP) was firstly investigated in this work. The flotation results indicated that HEHEHP possessed superior collecting performanceover a broader pH range for ilmenite compared to benzohydroxamic acid and sodium oleate. Under conditions with

Presently, as electronic waste continues to surge, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) have emerged as one of the fastest-growing waste category. This causes severe environmental pollution and threats to human health. However, there are many precious metals in WPCBs. To achieve environmental conservation and sustainable development, adopting biorecovery techniques for the extraction/reuse of WPCBs

Impurities such as silicon, organic matter and fluoride restrict the utilization of phosphogypsum (PG). In this study, dodecyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (DDEA) was used as the reverse flotation collector to remove impurities from PG. At the natural pH (2.3–2.5) of the slurry, with pine oil and DDEA dosages of 300 g/t, slurry concentration of 30 %, and aeration of 0.20 m3/h, the content

High-purity quartz (HPQ) serves as a critical raw material for strategic high-tech industries. This study focused on the leaching purification of HPQ derived from Xinjiang pegmatitic quartz concentrates. Four leaching reagents (RL, RH, OL, and OH) were systematically evaluated to optimize process parameters including liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), leaching temperature, and reaction time. Orthogonal experimental

We present isotopic data bearing on the origin of the vent-distal, Lovisa stratiform Zn-Pb sulfide deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden. The age of deposition is constrained by secondary ionisation mass spectrometry (SIMS) U–Pb zircon dating of pumiceous mass flow deposits interbedded with mineralised, fine-grained volcaniclastic strata. Two mass flow deposits in the stratigraphic footwall yield ages of 1892 ± 2 Ma

The application of acoustic emission (AE) techniques can capture the formation of discontinuities during crack propagation. Although the received waveforms exhibit significantly different frequency spectrum, the high and low frequency components are usually not separately examined and processed. In addition, the radiation efficiency and acoustic efficiency in acoustic radiation are not well analysed

The dynamic fracture of quasi-brittle materials, including rocks and concrete, is characterised by highly inhomogeneous deformation along localised cracking paths, exhibiting a significant rate-dependent effect that governs both fracture toughness and crack propagation trajectories. To capture the significant discontinuities of the localised fracturing band and its rate-dependent failure mechanisms

Advanced oxidation processes for treating flotation wastewater suffer from low oxidation efficiency and secondary pollution. Here, the novel microbubble catalytic ozonation, combining steel slag as a cost-effective and efficient catalyst with microbubbles as an advanced form of aeration, was proposed to treat simulated flotation wastewater containing butyl xanthate (BX), O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate

Thiosulfate as an alternative to virulent cyanide, is considered to be one of the most promising lixiviants for gold. However, the conventional copper-catalyzed ammonia thiosulfate system faces serious problems caused by the use of copper and ammonia, such as high reagent consumption, complex gold recovery and potential environmental impacts, making the commercial operation less attractive. Compared

Malachite is a significant copper oxide mineral, and the sulfidation-xanthate method is the primary approach for its recovery. In the sulfidation-xanthate flotation system, prolonged flotation agitation causes the detachment of CuS crystals, leading to reduced hydrophobicity. To address this, ammonium citrate (C6H5O7 (NH4) 3) is introduced to enhance the growth and adsorption strength ofCuS crystals

Rhodochrosite, a low-grade manganese ore abundant in gangue minerals, presents significant challenges in the traditional sulfuric acid leaching process due to low dissolution efficiency caused by surface passivation effects. This study systematically examines the influence of trisodium citrate (TC) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the sulfuric acid leaching behavior of rhodochrosite. TC

The Luobusa massif within the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ) in SW Tibet hosts distinct chromitite types: low-grade, intermediate-grade, and high-grade (massive) ores, each reflecting unique mantle processes and formation conditions. Variations in Cr# and Mg# values in chromian spinels suggest a dynamic magmatic environment influenced by melt-peridotite interactions, gravitational settling, and

Rock spalling is a brittle failure process that occurs around tunnels excavated in hard rock under high in-situ stress states. In nuclear waste disposal, spalling in fractured crystalline rock could create connected fractures, potentially providing pathways for radionuclides. Robust numerical models are therefore needed to evaluate the extent of rock spalling so that the design and layout of a prospective

The study investigates the effects of association complexes formed by cationic dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide (DDTAB) with anionic sodium lauryl ether sulfate (AES) on the flotation performance of low-rank coal (LRC) with varying coalification degrees. Mechanisms were explored using surface tension, wetting heat, Zeta potential, sodium ion concentration

Shale oil and gas—important unconventional hydrocarbon resources—exhibit huge exploration potential. The tensile mechanical properties of shale are crucial for enhancing oil and gas recovery. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate shale tensile properties. The influence of the mineral composition and pore structure of shale on its tensile mechanical properties and underlying

High voltage electric pulse (HVEP) technology is expected to revolutionize deep resource extraction and underground space engineering construction technology. Understanding the establishment mechanism of the plasma channel and the pulsed discharge impact on the mechanical characteristics of rock is considered key to the widespread utilization of this technology. In this work, cycle discharge experiments

A low-temperature roasting process mainly including coal-based magnetization reduction and magnetic separation was proposed to recover iron from high-iron red mud. The effects of the C/O molar ratio and roasting conditions on the mineral transformation and iron recovery were studied using XRD, XPS, VSM and SEM-EDS. The Fe-Al lattice substitution in high-iron red mud is dissociated, while the hematite

Olivine, a silicate ultramafic rock, has been a promising primary resource of nickel and cobalt for the past years. Microwave-assisted leaching of selected elements, namely magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) from olivine was compared with theconventional leaching method. Also, the effects of acid type, sulfuric acid concentration, solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio, reaction

A collector, α-bromo-myristic acid (α-BMA), was synthesized and applied to the flotation separation of spodumene from beryl or gangue (albite and quartz). Micro-flotation experiments were conducted to evaluate the flotation behavior of the minerals in the presence of α-BMA, and the interaction mechanisms were investigated using zeta potential analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

We develop a novel computational framework based on the particle finite element method for simulating rockburst phenomena, from pre-failure initiation to failure evolution and to post-failure mobilisation and ejection, across spatiotemporal scales in hard rocks. The proposed framework builds upon a rigorously validated and extensively calibrated particle finite element model, distinguished by its unique

In deep reservoirs, high pressure and horizontal stress difference lead to elevated breakdown pressure and reduced stimulation efficiency during multi-cluster hydraulic fracturing. To address these challenges, we carry out experimental studies to reveal the effects of fluid viscosity and flow rate, perforation cluster density, and flow control methods on the initiation and propagation of hydraulic

The growing industrial demand for synthetic zeolite X is an incentive to finding production methods that use cheaper and sustainable feedstock, including industrial byproducts, which often contain various anionic impurities. However, the influence of anionic species on crystallisation and phase transformation of zeolite X has not fully evaluated. This study investigates the effect of four different

The shear resistance between contacting rock surfaces under normal confinement is governed by the asperities truly involved in shear, i.e., true-sheared asperities. However, the prediction of joint peak shear strength considering mechanical contributions of true-sheared asperities remains unresolved. Here, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) peak shear strength criterion by independently quantifying

Basic rocks are considered ideal materials for microwave breaking due to their high strength and high microwave sensitivity. However, the heating characteristics and weakening mechanisms of basic rocks under microwave irradiation have not been systematically investigated. In this study, the multimode microwave irradiation experiments were conducted on two types of diabase and three types of basalt

This study aims to develop a flowsheet that combines magnetic separation and flotation to recover hematite from a low-grade iron ore. The ore originates from the tailings of a concentration circuit designed for magnetite recovery using low-intensity magnetic separation and flotation. The material contained 20.06 % Fe and significant impurities, including 56.60 % SiO2, 4.78 % CaO, 3.89 % MgO, and 1

With the extensive application of numerical simulations in engineering fields such as mining, tunnelling, and petroleum, enhancing the accuracy of simulation tools to ensure their reliability has become a widely discussed issue. Using basic rock mechanics experiments to validate numerical models often encounters problems when these models are applied to more complex tests, resulting in distorted simulation

Accurate modeling of natural fracture networks is crucial for understanding subsurface structures and their properties, yet traditional methods often struggle with complex geometries and scale transitions. In this study, we present a novel non-parametric machine learning model, FracGen, utilizing the Single Image Generative Adversarial Network (SinGAN) to reconstruct and upscale natural fracture networks