Bisetun Aquifer hosts of a noteworthy example of deep endokarst system in the world which is largely unknown to the scientific community. Several caves with up to 1316.6 m depth and the world's second deepest shaft were discovered in this aquifer during recent years. This research tries to give a scientific explanation from geology, hydrogeology, geomorphology, and hydrochemistry to the questions about

The focus of this study is the discharge of freshwater from coastal terraces to coastal areas. A large amount of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) flow moves toward the sea. The study to determine the flux rate uses geology, grain size, magneto telluric, resistivity and water geochemistry for quality analysis. The research is on the structure of calcite and sandstone composed of high-porosity rocks

To suggest the impacts of diapir evolutions on the ore deposits genesis, combined mineralogical, Raman spectrometry and C-, O- and H- isotopes studies of fluid inclusions trapped by their minerals were studied. In diapir zone, the evolution of hydrothermal fluids has been distinguished: type I hot fluids (365 °C) had formation water origin (δD ≈ − 21‰) and moderate salinity (12–23% wt% eq. NaCl) which

The study investigates the origin, age, paleo-depositional environment and formation conditions of gypsum lithofacies deposited in northeastern Muş in Eastern Anatolia using element analysis and sulfur, oxygen and strontium isotope combinations. The correlation diagrams of major ions and trace elements plots in the gypsum lithofacies indicate that carbonates and clastics carried by terrestrial waters

The various stages of tectonic activity associated with the Dongwu movement (DM) and the associated sedimentary responses in the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China, have been analyzed and their significance for petroleum geology discussed. The analysis was based on the comprehensive analysis of field outcrops, wells, and seismic data. It is proposed that the DM in the Sichuan Basin can be divided into

By the presence of well-developed terraces on the Interview Island of Middle Andaman, we conducted an exploratory study on the Interview Island of Andaman and Nicobar Islands to understand the development of coastal caves here. During the investigation, we identified seven coastal caves on the island. Morphometric data of these study caves were used for further quantitative analysis by following the

Two sections of the Maastrichtian–Lower Eocene Sachun Formation, crossing Interior Fars zone, Zagros basin in SW Iran, were selected. To biostratigraphy, facies analysis, paleoenvironment and sequence stratigraphy, foraminifers and lithofacies were studied. Three foraminifer assemblage zones were observed in the studied areas. According to stratigraphic distribution of the identified foraminifers,

Tirgan formation of the Kopet-Dagh Basin (northeast Iran) represents one of the Urgonian carbonate platforms that were deposited during the Early Cretaceous time in the northern Alpine Tethys and deformed during the Alpine orogeny. In this study, six stratigraphic sections of the shallow-water platform sediments (Tirgan formation) were measured based on microfacies and fauna abundance. Detail study

Ordovician evaporites are very rare in the global geological record. Thick salt deposits in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation are present in the eastern greater Ordos Basin, China. Potash mineralization layers and a thin industrial grade potash layer occur in the sixth submember of the fifth member of the formation, thus indicating a good potash prospect. The eastern and western salt depressions are

Silurian carbonate outcrops within the southern part of the St. Ignace District of the Hiawatha National Forest (Mackinac County, Michigan) were examined to develop a local description of the exposed geology. The bedrock geology consists of the Manistique Group (dominantly the Cordell Formation) and the Engadine Group (Rockview Formation, Rapson Creek Formation, and Bush Bay Formation). Building on

Microscopical and mineralogical studies reveal first recorded spherulitic dahllite (3Ca 3 (PO4)2 Ca CO3) in the phosphorite rocks associated with carbonate rocks of Hamadat Mines (Duwi Formation) at Qusier area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Mineralogically, the phosphatic rocks of Hamadat Mines are mainly consisting of fluor-apatite, dahllite, dolomite, calcite, quartz and pyrite. Petrographically

The Fort Munro Formation is 200-m-thick mixed carbonate–siliciclastic succession of Late Cretaceous (Campanian) age exposed at the Rakhi Nala Section, Sulaiman Range, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. The Fort Munro Formation is representing thin- to thick-bedded limestone with interbedded marls, shale and sandstone. Detailed microfacies analysis revealed the recognition of 15 microfacies types (11 carbonate

The Kazhdumi Formation is one of the most significant rock units in the Bangestan Group in Zagros Basin. In this study, one section of the Kazhdumi Formation (Kuh-e-Rahmat) was selected for research. The section is extended approximately 89 m thick. The lower lithostratigraphic limit of the Kazhdumi Formation is marked by an oxidized zone, while the upper boundary is described as gradational type.

An overview of the book “Dams and Reservoirs in Evaporites” is presented. Actual and potential audience and expected impact are analyzed in the context of current research, as well as in the view of global climate and technological changes, and social transformations. A major purpose of authors of this book is to summarize and present the large amount of experience accumulated during the study of dams

Field work was carried out on a four meter thick sequence of unfossiliferous Silurian Tymochtee Dolomite along the southeastern margin of the Silurian Michigan basin. Bedding plane exposures are common. The studied section contains a swale, gutter marks, scour marks, anhydrite molds, raindrop impressions, flat-pebble conglomerate, and ripple marks. Rocks with raindrop impressions formed in a subaerial

The study of fluid inclusions in Lower Triassic Röt halite from the Rockensussra 2/83 borehole in northern Germany showed the presence of primary and secondary gas-liquid inclusions. The gas phase in inclusions indicates their stretching due to salt overheating at some postsedimentary stage. The homogenization temperature of inclusions indicates the overheating temperature of about 60–70°C. The overheating

In the early 1980’s, the Getty Oil Company developed petroleum play concepts for several lease areas that it controlled in the Bahamas. Interest in these areas was based upon the facts that both Cuba and Florida had producing oil fields, oil shows were reported in test wells that had been drilled in the Bahamas and the well logs from these test wells indicated that the amount of evaporites in the Bahamas

The Bangor Limestone is a Mississippian (Chesterian) shallow marine carbonate formation exposed over a large portion of the Interior Low Plateaus province of northern Alabama. It is dominated by oolitic grainstone and skeletal wackestone and packstone, but in one outcrop near Moulton, Alabama, the Bangor contains a five m thick, 25 m wide, oolite-biodetrital mound-tidal flat succession. This sequence

Hydrocarbon exploration in the Baltimore Canyon during the 1980’s targeted Upper Jurassic and younger elastics and carbonates in stratigraphic traps consisting of possibly erosionally enhanced mounds and pinnacles. Five wells encountered hydrocarbons with cumulative flow rates testing 90 mm cfg/d. Apparent discontinuity in reservoir extent resulted in project abandonment. Highly mature, organic source

This paper is a study of the origin and diagenetic history of the Upper Jurassic dolomites of the Mozduran Formation, from north eastern Iran, in the Kopet-Dagh Basin. Petrographic and geochemical studies indicate that the Mozduran dolomites were subjected to a complex diagenetic history, resulting five different dolomite—rock textures.Dolomite type 1 consists of very fine to finely crystalline dolomite

Banded iron-formations (BIFs), which provide the world’s main source of iron, accumulated during a restricted Lower Precambrian interval. Their alleged precipitation from mid-ocean hydrothermal ferruginous solutions mixing with down-slope flowing oxygenated water is not possible. No free oxygen could have accumulated in water under the prevailing anoxic conditions. Newly discovered sedimentary structures

Easier access to most of spectacular sedimentological features of Midyan region along the northern coast of Red Sea has enabled a more detailed examination of the Miocene succession that could not have been possible except from deep subsurface drilling. The Wadi Waqb member of Jabal Kibrit Formation hosted the Wadi Waqb reservoir in this region. In this study the microfacies of the exposed discontinuous

The Jurassic carbonates of the Samana Suk Formation are extensively exposed in the foreland areas of Himalayas and form major reservoir of the upper Indus basin. These carbonates are composed of oolitic, pelitic fossiliferous and micritic limestone units which have been extensively modified by diagenetic alterations, particularly dolomitization. Field observations show two distinct types of dolostone

Oligocene deposits of the Qom Formation in central Iran were studied to reconstruct the sedimentary environment and depositional sequences based on microfacies (MF) and micro-taphofacies (MTF) analysis. A total of 310 thin sections (210 and 100 from Vidoje and Neizar respectively) were studied to differentiate eight microfacies (MF) and five microtaphofacies (MTF) types. These MFs are representative

Bright spot seismic reflections in carbonate strata are often correlated with effective reservoirs. Widely distributed bright spot reflections have been found in the Permian Changhsing Formation in the Longgang area, Northeast Sichuan Basin, China. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of the types, distribution, and geological origin of these bright spot reflections in the Longgang

Ferruginous microbialites of the Mantou Formation (Miaolingian, Cambrian) in the southern North China Craton are available for investigation of their formation mechanisms. The ferruginous microbial structures are existing in a deepening upwards sequence with occurrences of the oolitic limestone, oncolite, stromatolite, and thrombolite in ascending order. The ooids larger than 2 mm in diameter are made

As the mining depth of North China-type coal fields increases year by year, the threat of Ordovician limestone karst water damage to coal seam mining is increasing, and the risk of floor water inrush increases gradually. To ensure safe production in coal mines and avoid casualties and economic losses, it is essential to accurately predict the risk of coal floor water inrush. The traditional approach

Grouting is generally applied as an effective way to seal rock fractures, reduce permeability, decrease deformation, increase strength of rocks, and to stop the water flow through the jointed rock mass. But grouting rock fractures under condition of flowing water depends greatly on experiences of professional engineers, without sufficient theoretical guidance to refer to, as no commonly accepted and

In Pakistan, carbonate rocks of Jurassic age are present entirely throughout the Indus Basin. The Jurassic carbonate rocks present in the Attock-Cherat requires a more detailed investigation as of recent discovery of gas in Jurassic carbonate rocks in the lower Indus basin. The evaluation of these Jurassic carbonate units in the Nizampur Basin of Attock-Cherat ranges should integrate the aspects of

A combined facies, petrography and isotope geochemistry reveal an extensive pedogenic alteration of platform carbonate deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Bagh Group in the western Narmada basin in central India. The highly fossiliferous carbonate sequence of the Bagh Group consists of two formations, the Nodular Limestone at the base, and the Bryozoan Limestone Formation at top. The Nodular Limestone

More than 100 million tons of tight oil reserves have been discovered in the Xin’anbian area of the Ordos basin in recent years, of which the main reservoir is the Chang-7 Member of the Yanchang Formation. To identify the characteristics of the tight sandstone reservoir and their the development of the Chang-7 Member in the study area, casting thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-pressure

Bangestan group in SW Iran consists of Sarvak and Ilam formations. The Sarvak and Ilam formations comprise a thick succession of carbonate rocks in Zagros basin of Southern Iran. These formations form one of the main hydrocarbon reservoirs in central Fars, Shiraz area. This study presents a facies analysis, sedimentary environments and sequence stratigraphy. To study petrography, microfacies, sedimentary

The strata exposed in Shitouzhai section, Ziyun region, on the south margin of Yangtze Platform, consists the transaction from Changhsingian reef carbonates (Bed 1) to Griesbachian micritic carbonates (Bed 4). Beds 2–3, which are sandwiched by Bed 1 and Bed 4, are massive layers of fine-crystalline dolostones. The boundary between Bed 1 and Bed 2 is defined by the subaerial exposure related to the

The problem of karst rocky desertification caused by soil loss is very serious in some karst areas of southwest China. The cycle process of rainwater–surface water–underground water controls the direction and trend of soil surface loss and underground leakage in karst rocky desertification areas. In this paper, Guanling–Huajiang plateau canyon rocky desertification area is the study area, and the water

The present study deals with depositional environment and microfacies analysis of the Asmari Formation in the Nasr–Abad section of Zagros basin in SW of Iran. The thickness of 240 m with Nasr–Abad stratigraphic section to define microfauna is taken from Asmari Formation. Asmari Formation is located in SE of Shiraz. According to the identified index microfossils, following three Oligocene assemblages

Coniatoids and the more extensive coniatolites were originally described, respectively, as rough surfaced, aragonite coated grains and rough surfaced, aragonite encrusted beachrocks near Jebel Dhanna, Abu Dhabi. At that time, a microbial involvement in their origins was rejected in favour of supratidal physico-chemical precipitation and this study investigates the validity of those conclusions. Vadose

Carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East hold a significant proportion of the remaining conventional oil reserves, which most of them were classified as naturally fractured. These reservoirs are well known for their low recoveries compared with their counterpart clastic unfractured reservoirs. Therefore, boosting their recoveries can assure to sustain the energy supply to the global oil markets. In

To study the Gurpi Formation deposits in Fars area, 230 thin-sections which belong to Well No. 43 have been studied. The Gurpi Formation is 155 m in thickness. Lithology of the Gurpi Formation is mainly composed of thin to medium limestone, argillaceous limestone and shale. Lower boundary of the Gurpi Formation with the Ilam Formation is continuous and its upper boundary with the Pabdeh Formation is

AbstractAs an intuitive way, the method of limestone tablets (MLT) is often used in dissolution rate calculation and carbon cycle research of carbonate rocks. To clarify the influential factors and spatial suitability of MLT in karst carbon cycle study, 30 MLT test sites in China from north to south were collected and the tablets’ dissolution rate (TDR) was analyzed. The results showed that the influence

It is becoming widely recognized that a relationship exists between stress, stress heterogeneity, and the permeability of subsurface fractures and faults. We present an analysis of the Shunbei oil gas field, developed mainly in fractured carbonate, where active deformation has partitioned the reservoir into distinct structural and stress domains. These domains have differing geomechanical and structural

Bicarbonate (HCO3−) is one of the dominant carbon forms in the aquatic ecosystem and carbon cycle in karst areas. Recent studies have focused on the HCO3− utilization by aquatic plants to assess karst carbon sink at a watershed scale. However, the predominated researches inadequately address the effects on growth of submerged plants in various HCO3− conditions and how the submerged plants affect the

The nature of the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary in the Kurdistan region of northeastern Iraq is still under debate. Most studies have considered the Danian sediments to be mostly missing. Another hypothesis suggests that a conglomerate represents the contact between the Cretaceous and Paleogene. We examined the succession of the Deramazan and Chinarok sections in Sulaimani area to examine calcareous

Mine water damage is one of the main disasters threatening mine safety during production. The key to mine water hazard prevention and control is determining the main aquifer characteristics that threaten the mine and the hydraulic connections between aquifers and water diversion channels and proposing appropriate preventive measures. This paper focuses on the 16104 working face of the lower coal group

The technique of karst susceptibility assessment in the territory of Ust-Kishert village is presented. The environmental conditions of predominantly gypsum and carbonate–gypsum karst area are analyzed. The zonation map of karst cavities and crushed zones density is created. The distribution of the overlying soil geotechnical property values within the classes of different subterranean karst form density

The mining of deep coal seams in the North China coalfields is threatened by the risk of water inrush from the Ordovician karst. As the mining depth increases, traditional methods of drainage depressurization and grouting reinforcement of the coal floor are increasingly ineffective at solving the problem of water inrush from the Ordovician karst. Grouting reinforcement of the Fengfeng Formation in

The Lower Ordovician succession, consisting of the Yingshan and Penglaiba formations, encompasses significant petroleum reservoirs in Yubei area, southwest Tarim Basin. Mesogenetic dissolution and dolomitization strongly contributed to the increase in rock porosities here. Wells YB 7, YB 5, and YB 1-2X drilled in eastern Yubei area met the deposits of Yingshan and Penglaiba formations, providing abundant

Calcite dissolution, porosity development are strongly influenced by mixing phenomenon, fluid density and heterogeneity (variability of the hydraulic proprieties). This study presents an approach for calculating porosity change in a heterogeneous porous media during mixing of seawater and freshwater. The proposed approach is based on the Phillip’s analytical solution and is determined by five main

This study investigates the depositional setting and diagenetic processes of gypsiferous sediments known as the Koluz gypsum member located in the northeast of Van (Eastern Anatolia-Turkey). The commencement of still-active contractional regime due to the collision of Eurasian and Arabian plates gave way to uplift events on the active Eurasian margin. This uplift initially resulted in termination of

The Ordovician carbonate shoals are extensively developed in the Tarim Basin, NW China, and are taken as important petroleum reservoirs. The sedimentary characteristics and controlling factors of these shoals are poorly studied. Multiple means, including field geological investigations, core observations, thin section identifications by scanning electron microscope and cathodoluminescence microscope

The mining of stratigraphically low coal seams in North China-type coalfields is subject to water inrush from the underlying Ordovician limestone aquifer. The water-inrush coefficient method that is currently used for the evaluation of the water-inrush risk has inherent shortcomings, because it takes into account only the aquifer head pressure and the aquiclude thickness. Therefore, an improved water-inrush

Two sets of thick salt have developed in the Kuqa foreland basin, which has a great influence on the evolution of subsalt reservoirs. The abnormal favorable reservoirs, developed at a depth of approximately 4000–5500 ms, was several hundred meters from the bottom of the salt body based on the drilling data. The study was carried out to understand the formation of the favorable subsalt reservoirs based

Pore-cave systems formed by karstification in the eogenetic stage of carbonate rocks provide abundant potential reservoir space for hydrocarbons. However, whether these dissolution pore-caves can become effective reservoir spaces during the later burial period, serving as the key to the success of hydrocarbon exploration. Therefore, it is important to explore the fluid activities and their alteration

Integration of the information from hydrochemical data, statistical analysis and modeling technique is crucial for extending our knowledge of hydrochemistry of karst aquifers. In this paper, conventional graphical methods, statistical analysis and PHREEQC inverse modeling were used to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution processes of karst groundwater in Jinci spring area

Preliminary hydrogeological and geochemical observation were conducted in the Phong Nha—Ke Bang National Park and Tu Lan Karst Area, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam to evaluate and document the hydrogeologic conditions, karst surface features, water geochemistry and limestone composition. The study area provides an excellent benchmark for karst hydrogeological investigations in central Vietnam. The data

Albania is situated in the western part of Balkan Peninsula, on the eastern coast of the Adriatic and the Ionian Sea, which is one of the most water−rich regions of the world. The karst landscape in Albania covers about 2750 km2 consisting of nearly 24% of the countries territory. Karstic aquifers are the richest in the country. The total renewable karst water resources represent about 80% of the groundwater

The upper member of the Xiaganchaigou Formation in the Yingxi Area of the Southwestern Qaidam Basin is a set of evaporite-bearing lacustrine series. In this study, petrographic analyses of rock thin sections, cores, drillings, logging as well as geochemistry were used to study the characteristics of the sedimentary cycles of the series. Concurrently, this study adopts a transgressive–regressive (T–R)

The role of microfacies and diagenesis was focused to assess the hydrocarbon potential of Eocene carbonate strata exposed in Sulaiman–Hazara mountain ranges. Thin- to thick-bedded Eocene limestone exhibits wackestone, packstone, mudstone, and grainstone texture and comprises larger benthic forams such as Nummulite, Assilina, Lockhartia, Discocyclina, Orbitolites and Operculina. The accumulation of

Reservoir characterization of petroleum reservoirs can be claimed as one of the most important parts of reservoir management for optimized production and future developments. Through reservoir evaluation, geological zoning for a better comprehension of subsurface structure is needed. For developing a model, porosity plays a vital role; there are two common methods for obtaining this parameter, core

The Sichuan Basin contains the most prolific marine potash salt deposits in China. Although a vast amount of polyhalite has been found in the Triassic Jialingjiang Formation, the production of soluble potash deposits has yet to begin. The origin and sedimentary environment of polyhalite has remained unclear, and this information could have a significant economic impact. The recent discovery of protogenetic

Segregation of sediments for oil and gas potential is a complex task. In this study three oil wells i.e. Dhurnal, Pariwali and Pindori were analyzed for oil and gas potential using geophysical well logs and isotopic analysis. 50 sediments (Eocene to Early Permian) from three productive oil wells were analyzed for source and depositional environment. The Eocene Chorgali limestone and Eocene Sakesar