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Cross-talk between microglia and neurons regulates HIV latency.
PLoS Pathogens ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-30 , DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008249
David Alvarez-Carbonell 1 , Fengchun Ye 1 , Nirmala Ramanath 1 , Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa 1 , Pamela E Knapp 2 , Kurt F Hauser 2 , Jonathan Karn 1
Affiliation  

Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are found in nearly one-third of patients. Using a cellular co-culture system including neurons and human microglia infected with HIV (hμglia/HIV), we investigated the hypothesis that HIV-dependent neurological degeneration results from the periodic emergence of HIV from latency within microglial cells in response to neuronal damage or inflammatory signals. When a clonal hμglia/HIV population (HC69) expressing HIV, or HIV infected human primary and iPSC-derived microglial cells, were cultured for a short-term (24 h) with healthy neurons, HIV was silenced. The neuron-dependent induction of latency in HC69 cells was recapitulated using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived GABAergic cortical (iCort) and dopaminergic (iDopaNer), but not motor (iMotorNer), neurons. By contrast, damaged neurons induce HIV expression in latently infected microglial cells. After 48-72 h co-culture, low levels of HIV expression appear to damage neurons, which further enhances HIV expression. There was a marked reduction in intact dendrites staining for microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) in the neurons exposed to HIV-expressing microglial cells, indicating extensive dendritic pruning. To model neurotoxicity induced by methamphetamine (METH), we treated cells with nM levels of METH and suboptimal levels of poly (I:C), a TLR3 agonist that mimics the effects of the circulating bacterial rRNA found in HIV infected patients. This combination of agents potently induced HIV expression, with the METH effect mediated by the σ1 receptor (σ1R). In co-cultures of HC69 cells with iCort neurons, the combination of METH and poly(I:C) induced HIV expression and dendritic damage beyond levels seen using either agent alone, Thus, our results demonstrate that the cross-talk between healthy neurons and microglia modulates HIV expression, while HIV expression impairs this intrinsic molecular mechanism resulting in the excessive and uncontrolled stimulation of microglia-mediated neurotoxicity.

中文翻译:


小胶质细胞和神经元之间的串扰调节 HIV 潜伏期。



尽管抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART)有效,但近三分之一的患者仍发现与艾滋病毒相关的神经认知障碍(HAND)。使用包括感染 HIV 的神经元和人类小胶质细胞 (hμglia/HIV) 的细胞共培养系统,我们研究了以下假设:HIV 依赖性神经变性是由于小胶质细胞内潜伏期的 HIV 响应神经元损伤或炎症而周期性出现的结果。信号。当表达 HIV 的克隆 hμglia/HIV 群体 (HC69) 或感染 HIV 的人类原代细胞和 iPSC 衍生的小胶质细胞与健康神经元一起培养短期(24 小时)时,HIV 被沉默。使用诱导多能干细胞 (iPSC) 衍生的 GABA 能皮质 (iCort) 和多巴胺能 (iDopaNer) 神经元(但不是运动神经元 (iMotorNer))重现了 HC69 细胞中神经元依赖性潜伏期诱导。相比之下,受损的神经元会在潜伏感染的小胶质细胞中诱导 HIV 表达。共培养 48-72 小时后,低水平的 HIV 表达似乎会损害神经元,从而进一步增强 HIV 表达。在暴露于表达 HIV 的小胶质细胞的神经元中,完整树突的微管相关蛋白 2 (MAP2) 染色显着减少,表明广泛的树突修剪。为了模拟甲基苯丙胺 (METH) 诱导的神经毒性,我们用 nM 水平的 METH 和次优水平的聚 (I:C) 处理细胞,聚 (I:C) 是一种 TLR3 激动剂,可模拟 HIV 感染患者中发现的循环细菌 rRNA 的作用。这种药物组合可有效诱导 HIV 表达,并通过 σ1 受体 (σ1R) 介导 METH 效应。 在 HC69 细胞与 iCort 神经元的共培养中,METH 和聚 (I:C) 的组合诱导的 HIV 表达和树突损伤超出了单独使用任一药物所观察到的水平。因此,我们的结果表明,健康神经元和聚 (I:C) 之间的串扰小胶质细胞调节 HIV 表达,而 HIV 表达会损害这种内在的分子机制,导致小胶质细胞介导的神经毒性受到过度和不受控制的刺激。
更新日期:2019-12-31
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