Two major questions about addictive behaviors need to be explained by any worthwhile neurobiological theory. First, why do people seek drugs in the first place? Second, why do some people who use drugs seem to eventually become unable to resist drug temptation and so become "addicted"? We will review the theories of addiction that address negative-reinforcement views of drug use (i.e., taking opioids to alleviate distress or withdrawal), positive-reinforcement views (i.e., taking drugs for euphoria), habit views (i.e., growth of automatic drug-use routines), incentive-sensitization views (i.e., growth of excessive "wanting" to take drugs as a result of dopamine-related sensitization), and cognitive-dysfunction views (i.e., impaired prefrontal top-down control), including those involving competing neurobehavioral decision systems (CNDS), and the role of the insula in modulating addictive drug craving. In the special case of opioids, particular attention is paid to whether their analgesic effects overlap with their reinforcing effects and whether the perceived low risk of taking legal medicinal opioids, which are often prescribed by a health professional, could play a role in the decision to use. Specifically, we will address the issue of predisposition or vulnerability to becoming addicted to drugs (i.e., the question of why some people who experiment with drugs develop an addiction, while others do not). Finally, we review attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies and policy ideas that could help prevent opioid and other substance abuse.

中文翻译：

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成瘾的神经行为方法：对阿片类药物流行和成瘾心理学的影响。

关于成瘾行为的两个主要问题需要用任何有价值的神经生物学理论来解释。首先，人们为什么要寻求毒品？第二，为什么有些吸毒者似乎最终无法抗拒毒品的诱惑而“上瘾”？我们将回顾成瘾理论，这些理论涉及药物使用的消极强化观点（即服用阿片类药物来缓解痛苦或戒断）、积极强化观点（即服用药物以获得欣快感）、习惯观点（即自动药物的增长） -使用常规）、激励敏化观点（即，由于多巴胺相关的敏化而过度“想要”吸毒）和认知功能障碍观点（即，前额叶自上而下控制受损），包括那些涉及竞争性神经行为决策系统（CNDS），以及岛叶在调节成瘾药物渴望中的作用。在阿片类药物的特殊情况下，要特别注意它们的镇痛作用是否与增强作用重叠，以及服用合法药用阿片类药物（通常由卫生专业人员开具）的低风险是否可能在决定是否使用阿片类药物方面发挥作用。使用。具体来说，我们将解决吸毒成瘾的倾向或脆弱性问题（即为什么有些尝试吸毒的人会上瘾，而另一些人却不会）。最后，我们回顾了制定新的治疗策略和政策理念的尝试，以帮助防止阿片类药物和其他药物滥用。