With a growing world population and mounting pressure on natural resources, the need for efficient, sustainable food production is becoming increasingly urgent. A promising route towards improving agricultural productivity is to expand the use of sensors to monitor plants and their environment with high accuracy and temporal resolution. Data generated by such sensors is useful for optimizing irrigation, nutrition and illumination in the context of autonomous greenhouses, while allowing mitigation of plant stress due to pests, diseases and extreme climate conditions. We simultaneously tested ten different types of sensors for monitoring early signs of drought stress in mature, high-wire tomato plants grown in rockwool. Sensors ranged from high-density climate sensors to novel sensors for monitoring plant-specific parameters like acoustic emissions, stomatal dynamics, sap flow and stem diameter. Withholding water for two days led to a quick and complete depletion of water in the rockwool slabs, and strongly affected whole-plant transpiration, resulting in strong changes in: acoustic emissions, stomatal pore area, stomatal conductance, and stem diameter, all of which were found to be significant indicators of early drought stress. This work demonstrates the usefulness of these sensors in a greenhouse environment and provides a comparison between measured parameters in magnitude and onset time, aimed at the early detection of drought stress. Our study aims to facilitate sensor selection and implementation in precision agriculture.

中文翻译：

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旨在早期检测温室干旱胁迫的多种植物传感器的比较

随着世界人口的增长和自然资源压力的增加，对高效、可持续食品生产的需求变得越来越迫切。提高农业生产力的一个有前途的途径是扩大传感器的使用范围，以高精度和时间分辨率监测植物及其环境。此类传感器生成的数据有助于在自主温室环境中优化灌溉、营养和照明，同时减轻因病虫害和极端气候条件引起的植物压力。我们同时测试了十种不同类型的传感器，用于监测在岩棉中生长的成熟高线番茄植株的干旱胁迫早期迹象。传感器范围从高密度气候传感器到用于监测植物特定参数（如声发射、气孔动力学、树液流和茎直径）的新型传感器。滞留两天导致岩棉板中的水分迅速而完全耗尽，并强烈影响全株蒸腾作用，导致声发射、气孔孔径、气孔导度和茎直径发生强烈变化，所有这些都被发现是早期干旱胁迫的重要指标。这项工作证明了这些传感器在温室环境中的有用性，并提供了量级和开始时间测量参数之间的比较，旨在及早发现干旱胁迫。我们的研究旨在促进传感器在精准农业中的选择和实施。