High-performance eco-friendly soft actuators showing large displacement, fast response, and long-term operational capability require further development for next-generation bioinspired soft robots. Herein, we report an electro-ionic soft actuator based on carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CCNC) and carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CCNF), graphene nanoplatelets (GN), and ionic liquid (IL). The actuator exhibited exceptional actuation performances, achieving large displacements ranging from 1.6 to 12.3 mm under ultralow actuation voltages of 0.25-1.5 V. It also operated stably across a broad frequency band from 0.1 to 10 Hz and displayed a significant working stability of 99.3% after up to 240 cycles. Remarkably, the electro-active actuator demonstrated a fast response (0.39 s delay under 1.0 V at 0.1 Hz), and a long lifespan (with only a minor decrease of 2% for 2 years). The enhanced actuation performances of the actuator were attributed to its superior ionic conductivity, high charge storage ability, strong ionic interaction, and physical-chemical cross-linked networks. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrated the bioinspired applications of CCNC/CCNF-IL-GN actuators including micro-grippers, spiral-structure electroactive stents, biomimetic fingers, and bionic dragonfly wings. The proposed actuator and its bioinspired robot designs could offer a significant way for the development of next-generation eco-friendly soft actuators, soft robots, and biomedical microdevices in microenvironments requiring low-voltage environment.

中文翻译：

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用于软体机器人的超低电压高性能纳米纤维素基电离子致动器。

高性能环保软致动器具有大排量、快速响应和长期运行能力，需要进一步开发下一代仿生软体机器人。在此，我们报道了一种基于羧化纤维素纳米晶体 （CCNC） 和羧化纤维素纳米纤维 （CCNF） 、石墨烯纳米片 （GN） 和离子液体 （IL） 的电离子软致动器。该致动器表现出卓越的驱动性能，在 0.25-1.5 V 的超低驱动电压下实现了 1.6 至 12.3 mm 的大位移。它还在 0.1 至 10 Hz 的宽频带内稳定运行，并在高达 240 次循环后显示出 99.3% 的显着工作稳定性。值得注意的是，电活性致动器表现出快速响应（在 0.1 Hz 下 1.0 V 下延迟 0.39 秒）和长寿命（2 年内仅略微下降 2%）。致动器的增强驱动性能归因于其卓越的离子电导率、高电荷存储能力、强离子相互作用和物理化学交联网络。此外，我们成功演示了 CCNC/CCNF-IL-GN 致动器的仿生应用，包括微型夹持器、螺旋结构电活性支架、仿生手指和仿生蜻蜓翅膀。所提出的致动器及其仿生机器人设计为在需要低电压环境的微环境中开发下一代环保软致动器、软机器人和生物医学微器件提供重要途径。