When top managers task middle managers with implementing strategies, those strategies are often executed in a deviated form, which leads to the creation of unintended strategies. Despite much research on middle managers and their role and behaviors in strategy implementation, there is still only a limited understanding of the implementation activities that result in intended and unintended strategies. Using a strategy-as-practice perspective and interviews with 40 middle managers about 122 strategy implementations, we investigate strategy implementation activities and develop a model of middle manager activities in strategy implementation. We find that seven of the ten activities differ in frequency between intended and unintended strategies. This study extends the strategy implementation literature by conceptualizing a critical link in how different strategy implementation outcomes come about. We also broaden the middle management perspective in strategy by extending the range of activities that explain middle managers’ engagement with strategy and differentiating them across two strategy implementation outcomes.

当高层管理者责成中层管理者实施战略时，这些战略的执行方式往往存在偏差，从而导致非预期战略的产生。尽管对中层管理人员及其在战略实施中的角色和行为进行了大量研究，但对导致有意和无意战略的实施活动的了解仍然有限。我们采用战略即实践的视角，通过对 40 名中层管理人员关于 122 个战略实施情况的访谈，调查了战略实施活动，并建立了中层管理人员在战略实施中的活动模型。我们发现十项活动中有七项在有意和无意的策略之间的频率有所不同。本研究通过概念化不同战略实施结果如何产生的关键环节，扩展了战略实施文献。我们还通过扩展解释中层管理人员参与战略的活动范围并将其区分为两种战略实施结果，从而拓宽中层管理人员对战略的视角。