摘要
该研究涉及评估春小麦种植中生物杀菌剂应用的有效性。2019-2021年，研究在俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚联邦农业生物技术研究中心植物保护部门位于新西伯利亚州森林草原区的试验田进行。使用品种 Novosibirskaya 31 调查了微生物制剂木霉菌素、孢子杆菌素和 Fitosporin-M 在保护春小麦免受病害方面的应用潜力。该研究还评估了生物制剂对叶部病害发生的影响例如小麦的生长过程和产量。叶子感染发展处于中等水平。在谷物成熟的乳汁水平开始时，Fitosporin-M 对壳针孢菌引起的疾病 (STB) 的有效性（功效）达到 47.3%，使用杀菌剂 Titul DUO 的有效性达到 67.7%，与种子处理组合的有效性达到 31.2-75.3%。使用木霉菌素、孢子杆菌素和 Scarlet 进行种子处理，以及使用杀菌剂 Titul DUO 进行作物处理，对白粉病的防治效果为 6.7% 至 52.2%，对叶锈病的防治效果为 82.6% 至 95.6%。用Fitosporin-M处理种植的小麦及其与种子预处理的组合对这些叶病没有延迟作用。相对于对照（11.7 cm 2），实验中旗叶面积的扩张范围在 9.4–41.9% 范围内，并且在木霉菌素 + Titul DUO 和孢子杆菌素 + Titul DUO 变体中达到峰值。用该制剂处理种子和生长小麦会影响小麦穗的结构。对小麦植株进行种子处理和生物制剂 Fitosporin-M 和 Titul DUO 的应用相结合，导致穗长（增加 8.1-17.9%）、小穗数量（增加 6.1-14.4%）和籽粒数量（增加 21.8-17.9%）增加。每穗增加 43.4%），每穗籽粒重量（增加 28.9–61.1%）。在所有实验变体中，千粒重量均明显增加了 2.7-14%。木霉菌素 + Titul DUO、孢子杆菌素 + Titul DUO 和 Scarlet + Titul DUO 的变体在产量上具有可比性；此外，他们确保谷物产量分别增加0.75吨/公顷、0.72吨/公顷和0.8吨/公顷。与对照（2.31 吨/公顷）相比，用 Fitosporin-M 和 Titul DUO 处理小麦植株分别增加了 0.25 吨/公顷和 0.66 吨/公顷。
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Biofungicides in the Spring Wheat Cultivation Practices
Abstract
The study is concerned with an assessment of the effectiveness of application of biofungicides in the spring wheat cultivation. Studies were carried out on the experimental field of the plant protection department of the Siberian Federal Research Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences located in the forest-steppe zone in Novosibirsk oblast in 2019–2021. The potential for application of the microbiological formulations Trichodermin, Sporobacterin, and Fitosporin-M was investigated in terms of protection of spring wheat against diseases using the cultivar Novosibirskaya 31. The study assessed the effect of the biological formulations on the development of leaf diseases as well as on the growth processes and yield of wheat. Leaf infection development was at a moderate level. At the beginning of milk level of grain maturity, effectiveness (efficacy) against Septoria-caused disease (STB) reached 47.3% with Fitosporin-M, 67.7% with the fungicide Titul DUO, and 31.2–75.3% in combination with the seed treatment. The efficacy of seed treatment with Trichodermin, Sporobacterin, and Scarlet and crop treatment with the fungicide Titul DUO against powdery mildew ranged from 6.7 to 52.2% and from 82.6 to 95.6% against leaf rust. Treatment of planted wheat with Fitosporin-M and its combination with the seed pretreatment did not have a delaying effect on these leaf diseases. Expansion of the flag leaf area in the experiment ranged within 9.4–41.9% relative to control (11.7 cm2) and peaked in Trichodermin + Titul DUO and Sporobacterin + Titul DUO variants. Treatment of seeds and growing wheat with the formulations influenced the wheat spike structure. Combination of seed treatment and application of the biological formulations Fitosporin-M and Titul DUO to wheat plants led to an increase in spike length (by 8.1–17.9%), number of spikelets (by 6.1–14.4%) and grains (by 21.8–43.4%) per spike, and weight of grains per spike (by 28.9–61.1%). Thousand-grain weight appreciably increased by 2.7–14% in all experimental variants. Variants with Trichodermin + Titul DUO, Sporobacterin + Titul DUO, and Scarlet + Titul DUO were comparable by yield; furthermore, they ensured gain in the cereal harvest of 0.75, 0.72, and 0.8 t/ha, respectively. Treatment of wheat plants with Fitosporin-M and Titul DUO resulted in additional 0.25 and 0.66 t/ha, respectively, compared to the control (2.31 t/ha).
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