The study of 3D architectures at a molecular scale has fascinated chemists for generations. This includes molecular pyramids with all-carbon frameworks, such as trigonal, tetragonal and pentagonal pyramidal geometries. A small number of substituted tetrahedranes and all-carbon [4]–[5]pyramidanes have been experimentally generated and studied. Although the hypothetical unsubstituted parent [3]–[6]pyramidanes have only been explored computationally, the formal replacement of carbon vertices with isolobal main group element fragments has provided a number of examples of stable hetero[m]pyramidanes, which have been isolated and amply characterized. In this Review, we highlight the synthesis and chemical properties of [3]–[6]pyramidanes and summarize the progress in the development of chemistry of pyramid-shaped molecules.

分子尺度的 3D 结构研究让几代化学家着迷。这包括具有全碳框架的分子金字塔，例如三角形、四角形和五角形金字塔几何形状。少量取代四面体和全碳[4]-[5]金字塔已经通过实验产生和研究。虽然假设的未取代母体 [3]–[6] 金字塔仅在计算上进行了探索，但用同瓣主族元素片段对碳顶点的正式替代提供了许多稳定的杂[ m ]金字塔的例子，这些例子已被分离和充分表征。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了[3]-[6]金字塔烷类的合成和化学性质，并总结了金字塔形分子化学发展的进展。