Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer that can be extracted directly from plants using various treatments (alkalis, acids, ultrasonic or enzymatic treatments) or produced by microbial fermentation. It is biodegradable, biocompatible, noncytotoxic, nongenotoxic, and easily amendable, making it the most desirable material for use in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. The thermal, surface, and mechanical properties can be improved by using surface modification or blending with other natural polymers like alginate, polylactic acid, gelatin, etc., or using metal-based nanoparticles. Such nanocomposites, cellulose graft co-polymers, and nanocrystals have been widely explored for applications in food, textile, wastewater, biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Cellulose-derived materials have shown tremendous potential to be used as the backbone for developing wound dressings, face masks, fabrication of hydrogels, scaffolds for tissue engineering, biosensors, blood vessels, biomedicines, and drug delivery systems. The current review provides insights into cellulose production from different resources and its modification to produce high-value-added materials for biomedical applications.

纤维素是最丰富的天然生物聚合物，可以通过各种处理（碱、酸、超声波或酶处理）直接从植物中提取或通过微生物发酵生产。它具有生物可降解性、生物相容性、无细胞毒性、无遗传毒性且易于修改，使其成为生物医学和制药行业最理想的材料。通过使用表面改性或与其他天然聚合物（如海藻酸盐、聚乳酸、明胶等）混合，或使用金属基纳米粒子，可以改善热性能、表面性能和机械性能。此类纳米复合材料、纤维素接枝共聚物和纳米晶体已在食品、纺织、废水、生物医学和制药行业中得到广泛应用。纤维素衍生材料已显示出巨大的潜力，可用作开发伤口敷料、面罩、水凝胶制造、组织工程支架、生物传感器、血管、生物医学和药物输送系统的骨架。当前的综述提供了对不同资源的纤维素生产及其改性以生产用于生物医学应用的高附加值材料的见解。