High-entropy energy conversion and storage based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has attracted substantial interest in recent years. Not only a large number of theoretical models but also experimental works have been focusing on confirming optimum conditions and prediction of maximum outputs of TENGs, which is in order to enlarge power generation and energy conversion efficiency. A complete power analysis of TENG systems includes the mechanical input (mechanical port), a TENG transducer, and electrical output (electrical port). However, the relationships between the external force driving TENG and the generated instantaneous power as well as the energy flowing inside TENGs remain elusive. Here, a dynamic field-circuit coupling model composed of a quasi-electrostatic field and an external circuit is established that allows the determination of the force distribution and power flow of a TENG transducer. It is confirmed that dissipation in TENGs is entirely electrical and caused by the separation of charges distributed in contacting surfaces and metal electrodes. Importantly, in steady-state operation, all input energy is converted into electrical (useful) power unless dissipation mechanisms (mechanical and electrical). In addition, the essential factors which affect the basic output characteristics of TENGs are discussed. This work suggests a new approach to fully understanding the whole dynamic power-delivering process within TENGs which is essential for the theoretical optimization of TENG performance and practical applications of TENGs.

近年来，基于摩擦纳米发电机（TENG）的高熵能量转换和储存引起了人们的极大兴趣。不仅大量的理论模型而且实验工作都集中在确定最佳条件和预测 TENG 的最大输出，以扩大发电量和能量转换效率。TENG 系统的完整功率分析包括机械输入（机械端口）、TENG 换能器和电输出（电端口）。然而，驱动 TENG 的外力与产生的瞬时功率以及 TENG 内部流动的能量之间的关系仍然难以捉摸。这里，建立了由准静电场和外部电路组成的动态场-电路耦合模型，可以确定 TENG 换能器的力分布和功率流。经证实，TENG 中的耗散完全是电耗散，是由分布在接触表面和金属电极中的电荷分离引起的。重要的是，在稳态操作中，除非耗散机制（机械和电气），否则所有输入能量都转换为电能（有用）。此外，还讨论了影响 TENG 基本输出特性的基本因素。这项工作提出了一种新方法来充分理解 TENG 内的整个动态功率传输过程，这对于 TENG 性能的理论优化和 TENG 的实际应用至关重要。