Biointerfaces mediate safe and efficient cell manipulation, which is essential for biomedical innovations in advanced therapies and diagnostics. The biointerface established by vertical nanoprobes — arrays of vertical high-aspect-ratio nanostructures — has emerged as a simple, controllable and powerful tool for interrogating and manipulating cells. Vertical nanoprobes have substantially improved our ability to control and characterize the intracellular environment, guide biophysical stimuli with nanoscale precision to defined cell compartments, stimulate and record the electrical activity of cells, and transport hard-to-deliver drugs. These capabilities are enabling substantial advances in bioelectronics, spatiotemporally resolved molecular diagnostics, and cell and gene therapy — all underpinned by the design versatility of the nanoprobe biointerface. This Review discusses how the design of a vertical nanoprobe biointerface determines its ability to interrogate and control a cell.

生物界面介导安全有效的细胞操作，这对于先进疗法和诊断的生物医学创新至关重要。由垂直纳米探针（垂直高纵横比纳米结构阵列）建立的生物界面已成为一种简单、可控且强大的询问和操纵细胞的工具。垂直纳米探针显着提高了我们控制和表征细胞内环境的能力，以纳米级精度引导生物物理刺激到定义的细胞区室，刺激和记录细胞的电活动，以及运输难以递送的药物。这些能力使生物电子学、时空分辨分子诊断、以及细胞和基因治疗——所有这些都以纳米探针生物界面的设计多功能性为基础。本综述讨论了垂直纳米探针生物界面的设计如何决定其询问和控制细胞的能力。