A test-case for the assessment of Zonal Detached Eddy Simulation (ZDES) mode 3 [which corresponds to a Wall-Modelled Large Eddy Simulation approach (WMLES)] for turbulent boundary layers in pressure gradient conditions is presented. The demanding test-case corresponds to an experiment at high Reynolds number, reaching up to \(Re_\theta \approx 13000\), probably too expensive for Direct Numerical Simulation or Wall-Resolved Large Eddy Simulation, but still affordable using ZDES mode 3 (WMLES). At the considered station, the boundary layer is in out-of-equilibrium conditions. The presented results prove the advantage of the scale-resolving approach, the ZDES mode 3, with respect to the RANS approach, as evidenced by the better representation observed for the mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles, in particular in the outer layer where non-canonical effects are more evident. Thanks to the resolved turbulence, a more physically realistic flow is predicted by ZDES mode 3 and more in depth analysis of turbulence is accessible. In particular, spectral analysis of turbulence is performed in this study, and a scale-dependent convection velocity is also assessed for the first time with a hybrid RANS/LES approach in out-of-equilibrium conditions. Such analysis allow to identify some features of the turbulent scales distribution within the boundary layer, which seem responsible for some uncommon features observed in the present mean flow.

提出了一个用于评估压力梯度条件下湍流边界层的分区分离涡模拟 (ZDES) 模式 3 [对应于壁建模大涡模拟方法 (WMLES)] 的测试案例。要求苛刻的测试用例对应于高雷诺数的实验，达到\(Re_\theta \approx 13000\)，对于直接数值模拟或壁面解析大涡模拟来说可能过于昂贵，但使用 ZDES 模式 3 (WMLES) 仍然可以负担得起。在所考虑的站点，边界层处于不平衡状态。所呈现的结果证明了尺度解析方法 ZDES 模式 3 相对于 RANS 方法的优势，正如观察到的平均速度和雷诺应力分布的更好表示所证明的那样，特别是在非典型效应更为明显。多亏了解析的湍流，ZDES 模式 3 可以预测更真实的流动，并且可以对湍流进行更深入的分析。特别是，在本研究中进行了湍流的光谱分析，并且首次在非平衡条件下使用混合 RANS/LES 方法评估了与尺度相关的对流速度。这种分析可以识别边界层内湍流尺度分布的一些特征，这似乎是造成当前平均流中观察到的一些不常见特征的原因。