For over a century, starting with the work of Alfred Marshall (and also in resource economics), economic geography has emphasized the productivity of dense urban agglomerations. Yet little attention is paid to one key policy implication of economic geography's core mechanisms: Environmental policies can aid economic development, per se—not hurting the economy to help the environment but advancing both objectives. We review mechanisms from economic geography that imply that environmental policies can deliver such win-wins: influences upon agglomeration of long-standing natural conditions, like usable bays, which long were perceived as fixed yet now are being shifted by global environmental quality; agglomeration's effects on other influential conditions, like urban environmental quality; and the effects of rural environmental quality on the flows to cities of people and environmental quality. Finally, we consider a geographic policy typology in asking why society leaves money on the table by failing to promote environmental policies despite the potential win-wins that we highlight.

中文翻译：

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环境政策有利于经济发展：经济地理的含义


一个多世纪以来，从阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔（以及资源​​经济学）的工作开始，经济地理学一直强调密集城市群的生产力。然而，很少有人关注经济地理学核心机制的一个关键政策含义：环境政策本身可以促进经济发展——不是通过损害经济来帮助环境，而是推进这两个目标。我们回顾了经济地理学中的机制，这些机制表明环境政策可以带来这种双赢：对长期存在的自然条件集聚的影响，例如可用海湾，长期以来被认为是固定的，但现在正在被全球环境质量所改变；集聚对城市环境质量等其他影响条件的影响；以及农村环境质量对城市人口流动和环境质量的影响。最后，我们考虑了地理政策类型学，询问为什么尽管我们强调了潜在的双赢，但社会却未能促进环境政策而将金钱留在桌面上。