A long and intense debate in philosophy is concerned with the question whether there can be haecceistic differences between possible worlds, that is, nonqualitative differences that only arise from different de re representations. According to haecceitism, it can give rise to a different situation if the positions of two qualitatively identical particles are exchanged, while according to anti-haecceitism, this is not the case. It has been suggested that classical statistical mechanics might provide evidence for one of these positions. However, most philosophers of physics argue that it does not. In this article, we show that order-preserving dynamics, a novel method from statistical mechanics developed for the description of nonergodic systems, changes this situation: It is intrinsically haecceistic and makes different experimental predictions than non-haecceistic alternatives. Thereby, it provides an empirical argument for the existence of modality de re. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-3925

中文翻译：

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如何区分无法区分的粒子

哲学中一场长期而激烈的辩论关注于可能世界之间是否存在个体差异的问题，即仅由不同的de re表示产生的非质性差异。根据个人主义，如果交换两个质量相同的粒子的位置，就会产生不同的情况，而根据反个人主义，情况并非如此。有人提出，经典统计力学可能为这些立场之一提供证据。然而，大多数物理学哲学家认为事实并非如此。在本文中，我们展示了保序动力学（一种来自统计力学的用于描述非遍历系统的新方法）改变了这种情况：它本质上是随机性的，并且与非随机性的替代方案相比，它做出了不同的实验预测。因此，它为de re模态的存在提供了一个经验论据。兽人：https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-3925