The construction of human organs on demand remains a tantalizing vision to solve the organ donor shortage. Yet, engineering tissues that recapitulate the cellular and architectural complexity of native organs is a grand challenge. The use of organ building blocks (OBBs) composed of multicellular spheroids, organoids, and assembloids offers an important pathway for creating organ-specific tissues with the desired cellular-to-tissue-level organization. Here, we review the differentiation, maturation, and 3D assembly of OBBs into functional human tissues and, ultimately, organs for therapeutic repair and replacement. We also highlight future challenges and areas of opportunity for this nascent field.

按需构建人体器官仍然是解决器官供体短缺的诱人愿景。然而，重现天然器官的细胞和结构复杂性的工程组织是一个巨大的挑战。使用由多细胞球体、类器官和组合体组成的器官构建基块 (OBB) 为创建具有所需细胞到组织水平组织的器官特异性组织提供了重要途径。在这里，我们回顾了 OBB 的分化、成熟和 3D 组装成功能性人体组织，并最终形成用于治疗性修复和替代的器官。我们还强调了这个新兴领域未来的挑战和机遇领域。