Microscopic colitis (MC) is an inflammatory disease of the colon, characterized by chronic watery diarrhea with distinguishing histologic findings despite normal endoscopic appearance of the colonic mucosa. MC is a common cause of diarrhea in older adults, though it has been infrequently reported in children and adolescents. As MC is rare in the pediatric population, and the clinical presentation is non-specific, increased awareness of this disease amongst pediatric clinicians and pathologists is essential for timely diagnosis, which requires performing colonoscopy with biopsy. The etiology of MC is incompletely understood, but current theories in pathogenesis inform management strategies. The goals of management in pediatric MC should be to achieve symptomatic improvement while minimizing adverse effects of treatment. Many patients who achieve clinical response have symptomatic recurrence after discontinuation of initial therapy, and may require maintenance medication therapy to sustain remission. This review aims to summarize the epidemiology and risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, theories regarding pathogenesis, and suggested management approaches for MC in the pediatric population.

显微镜下结肠炎 (MC) 是一种结肠炎性疾病，其特征是慢性水样腹泻，尽管结肠黏膜的内窥镜外观正常，但其组织学表现明显。MC 是老年人腹泻的常见原因，但在儿童和青少年中很少见。由于 MC 在儿科人群中很少见，并且临床表现是非特异性的，因此提高儿科临床医生和病理学家对这种疾病的认识对于及时诊断至关重要，这需要进行结肠镜检查和活检。MC 的病因尚不完全清楚，但目前的发病机制理论为管理策略提供了依据。儿科 MC 的管理目标应该是实现症状改善，同时尽量减少治疗的不良反应。许多达到临床反应的患者在停止初始治疗后出现症状复发，并且可能需要维持药物治疗以维持缓解。本综述旨在总结儿科人群 MC 的流行病学和危险因素、临床特征、诊断、发病机制理论以及建议的管理方法。